S3 Leitlinie Nierenzellkarzinom 2015

Literaturverzeichnis

Autor: |Veröffentlicht am 27. September 2016|Aktualisiert am 21. März 2024

1. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften - Ständige Kommission, L. AWMF-Regelwerk "Leitlinien". 1. Auflage 2012 [cited 09.12.2013; Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/awmf-regelwerk/awmf-regelwerk.html

2. Krebs in Deutschland 2007/2008., G.d.e.K.i.D.e.V. Robert Koch-Institut, Editor. 2012, Robert Koch-Institut, Gesellschaft der epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland e.V.: Berlin.

3. Koch-Institut, R., Verbreitung von Krebserkrankungen in Deutschland. Entwicklung der Prävalenzen zwischen 1990 und 2010. Beiträge zur Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. 2010: Berlin.

4. Hunt, J.D., et al., Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies. Int J Cancer, 2005. 114(1): p. 101-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523697

5. Theis, R.P., et al., Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer, 2008. 8: p. 387. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108730

6. Hu, J., A.M. Ugnat, and G. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research, Active and passive smoking and risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada. Eur J Cancer, 2005. 41(5): p. 770-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15763654

7. Kreiger, N., et al., Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control, 1993. 4(2): p. 101-10. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481488

8. Parker, A.S., et al., Smoking cessation and renal cell carcinoma. Ann Epidemiol, 2003. 13(4): p. 245-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684190

9. Renehan, A.G., et al., Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet, 2008. 371(9612): p. 569-78. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280327

10. Adams, K.F., et al., Body size and renal cell cancer incidence in a large US cohort study. Am J Epidemiol, 2008. 168(3): p. 268-77. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544571

11. Luo, J., et al., Body size, weight cycling, and risk of renal cell carcinoma among postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Am J Epidemiol, 2007. 166(7): p. 752-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615089

12. Nicodemus, K.K., C. Sweeney, and A.R. Folsom, Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer, 2004. 108(1): p. 115-21. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14618625

13. Pischon, T., et al., Body size and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer, 2006. 118(3): p. 728-38. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094628

14. Chow, W.H., et al., Obesity, hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men. N Engl J Med, 2000. 343(18): p. 1305-11. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058675

15. Vatten, L.J., et al., Blood pressure and renal cancer risk: the HUNT Study in Norway. Br J Cancer, 2007. 97(1): p. 112-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17519895

16. Weikert, S., et al., Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am J Epidemiol, 2008. 167(4): p. 438-46. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048375

17. Shapiro, J.A., et al., Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Epidemiol, 1999. 149(6): p. 521-30. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084241

18. Choi, M.Y., et al., The effect of hypertension on the risk for kidney cancer in Korean men. Kidney Int, 2005. 67(2): p. 647-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673312

19. Coughlin, S.S., et al., Predictors of mortality from kidney cancer in 332,547 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Cancer, 1997. 79(11): p. 2171-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9179064

20. Flaherty, K.T., et al., A prospective study of body mass index, hypertension, and smoking and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 2005. 16(9): p. 1099-106. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184476

21. Fryzek, J.P., et al., A cohort study of antihypertensive treatments and risk of renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer, 2005. 92(7): p. 1302-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15812478

22. Lee, J.E., et al., Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(6): p. 1730-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505906

23. Weikert, S., et al., Fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma: findings from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer, 2006. 118(12): p. 3133-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425278

24. George, S.M., et al., Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cancer: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009. 89(1): p. 347-53. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056579

25. Port, F.K., et al., Neoplasms in dialysis patients: a population-based study. Am J Kidney Dis, 1989. 14(2): p. 119-23. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2787957

26. Choyke, P.L., et al., Hereditary renal cancers. Radiology, 2003. 226(1): p. 33-46. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511666

27. Gago-Dominguez, M., et al., Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2001. 10(9): p. 1001-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535554

28. Gudbjartsson, T., et al., A population-based familial aggregation analysis indicates genetic contribution in a majority of renal cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer, 2002. 100(4): p. 476-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115533

29. Clague, J., et al., Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from a case-control study and systematic meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(3): p. 801-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240244

30. Decker, H., Hereditäre Nierentumoren. medgen, 2007. 19(2): p. 239-244.

31. OMIM® Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man® An Online Catalog of Human Genes and Genetic Disorders. Available from: http://www.omim.org/

32. Decker, H., Von Hippel-Lindau-Syndrom. medgen, 2006. 18(4): p. 355.

33. Pavlovich, C.P., et al., Renal tumors in the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol, 2002. 26(12): p. 1542-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459621

34. Nickerson, M.L., et al., Mutations in a novel gene lead to kidney tumors, lung wall defects, and benign tumors of the hair follicle in patients with the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Cancer Cell, 2002. 2(2): p. 157-64. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204536

35. Lehtonen, H.J., Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: update on clinical and molecular characteristics. Fam Cancer, 2011. 10(2): p. 397-411. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21404119

36. Kuroda, N., et al., Review of papillary renal cell carcinoma with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects. Histol Histopathol, 2003. 18(2): p. 487-94. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12647800

37. Israel, G.M., E. Hecht, and M.A. Bosniak, CT and MR imaging of complications of partial nephrectomy. Radiographics, 2006. 26(5): p. 1419-29. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973773

38. Hallscheidt, P.J., et al., Diagnostic accuracy of staging renal cell carcinomas using multidetector-row computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study with histopathologic correlation. Journal of computer assisted tomography, 2004. 28(3): p. 333-339.

39. Hallscheidt, P., et al., [Multi-slice CT in the planning of nephron-sparing interventions for renal cell carcinoma: Prospective study correlated with histopathology]. Röfo, 2002. 174(7): p. 898-903. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12101482

40. Guzzo, T.J., et al., The accuracy of multidetector computerized tomography for evaluating tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2009. 181(2): p. 486-90; discussion 491. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19100567

41. Prando, A., D. Prando, and P. Prando, Renal cell carcinoma: unusual imaging manifestations. Radiographics, 2006. 26(1): p. 233-44. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418254

42. Hallscheidt, P.J., et al., Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multidetector CT and MRI: prospective study with histopathological correlation. Journal of computer assisted tomography, 2005. 29(1): p. 64-68.

43. Raman, S.P., et al., Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: multiphase MDCT enhancement patterns and morphologic features. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2013. 201(6): p. 1268-1276.

44. Sheth, S., et al., Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma: role of multidetector ct and three-dimensional CT. Radiographics, 2001. 21 Spec No: p. S237-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598260

45. Kim, C., H.J. Choi, and K.-S. Cho, Diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography for renal sinus fat invasion in renal cell carcinoma patients. European journal of radiology, 2014. 83(6): p. 914-918.

46. Karlo, C.A., et al., Role of CT in the assessment of muscular venous branch invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2013. 201(4): p. 847-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24059374

47. Vargas, H.A., et al., Multiphasic contrast-enhanced MRI: single-slice versus volumetric quantification of tumor enhancement for the assessment of renal clear-cell carcinoma fuhrman grade. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 2013. 37(5): p. 1160-1167. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152173

48. Hallscheidt, P., et al., [Organ-sparing surgery of renal cell carcinoma - operative technique and findings in radiological follow-up]. Röfo, 2002. 174(4): p. 409-15. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11960401

49. Engelmann, U., et al., Digital subtraction angiography in staging renal cell carcinoma: comparison with computerized tomography and histopathology. J Urol, 1984. 132(6): p. 1093-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6389902

50. Frohmüller, H.G., J.W. Grups, and V. Heller, Comparative value of ultrasonography, computerized tomography, angiography and excretory urography in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 1987. 138(3): p. 482-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3305989

51. Tan, H.J., et al., Understanding the role of percutaneous biopsy in the management of patients with a small renal mass. Urology, 2012. 79(2): p. 372-7.

52. Kutikov, A. and R.G. Uzzo, The R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score: a comprehensive standardized system for quantitating renal tumor size, location and depth. J Urol, 2009. 182(3): p. 844-53.

53. Volpe, A., et al., Rationale for percutaneous biopsy and histologic characterisation of renal tumours. Eur Urol, 2012. 62(3): p. 491-504. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22633318

54. Lane, B.R., et al., Renal mass biopsy--a renaissance? J Urol, 2008. 179(1): p. 20-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17997455

55. Phé, V., et al., Is there a contemporary role for percutaneous needle biopsy in the era of small renal masses? BJU Int, 2012. 109(6): p. 867-72.

56. Volpe, A., et al., Techniques, safety and accuracy of sampling of renal tumors by fine needle aspiration and core biopsy. J Urol, 2007. 178(2): p. 379-86. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561170

57. Barwari, K., et al., What is the added value of combined core biopsy and fine needle aspiration in the diagnostic process of renal tumours? World J Urol, 2013. 31(4): p. 823-7.

58. Li, G., et al., Combination of core biopsy and fine-needle aspiration increases diagnostic rate for small solid renal tumors. Anticancer Res, 2012. 32(8): p. 3463-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843931

59. Parks, G.E., et al., Benefits of a combined approach to sampling of renal neoplasms as demonstrated in a series of 351 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 2011. 35(6): p. 827-35.

60. Breda, A., et al., Comparison of accuracy of 14-, 18- and 20-G needles in ex-vivo renal mass biopsy: a prospective, blinded study. BJU Int, 2010. 105(7): p. 940-5.

61. Hobbs, D.J., et al., The impact of location and number of cores on the diagnostic accuracy of renal mass biopsy: an ex vivo study. World J Urol, 2013. 31(5): p. 1159-64. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527673

62. Wunderlich, H., et al., The accuracy of 250 fine needle biopsies of renal tumors. J Urol, 2005. 174(1): p. 44-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947574

63. Menogue, S.R., et al., Percutaneous core biopsy of small renal mass lesions: a diagnostic tool to better stratify patients for surgical intervention. BJU Int, 2013. 111(4 Pt B): p. E146-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22805186

64. Leveridge, M.J., et al., Outcomes of small renal mass needle core biopsy, nondiagnostic percutaneous biopsy, and the role of repeat biopsy. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(3): p. 578-84. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704449

65. Abel, E.J., et al., Limitations of preoperative biopsy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison to surgical pathology in 405 cases. BJU Int, 2012. 110(11): p. 1742-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503066

66. Lang, E.K., et al., CT-guided biopsy of indeterminate renal cystic masses (Bosniak 3 and 2F): accuracy and impact on clinical management. Eur Radiol, 2002. 12(10): p. 2518-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12271393

67. Harisinghani, M.G., et al., Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery? AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 180(3): p. 755-8.

68. Lechevallier, E., et al., Fine-needle percutaneous biopsy of renal masses with helical CT guidance. Radiology, 2000. 216(2): p. 506-10.

69. Tumoren, L.W.U., Renal cell carcinoma. Nation-wide guideline, Version: 2.0. 2010, Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland (IKNL): Utrecht.

70. Srigley, J.R., et al., The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Vancouver Classification of Renal Neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol, 2013. 37(10): p. 1469-89.

71. Delahunt, B., et al., The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading system for renal cell carcinoma and other prognostic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol, 2013. 37(10): p. 1490-504.

72. Bechtold, R.E. and R.J. Zagoria, Imaging approach to staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am, 1997. 24(3): p. 507-22. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9275976

73. Heidenreich, A., V. Ravery, and U. European Society of Oncological, Preoperative imaging in renal cell cancer. World J Urol, 2004. 22(5): p. 307-15. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290202

74. Miles, K.A., et al., CT staging of renal carcinoma: a prospective comparison of three dynamic computed tomography techniques. Eur J Radiol, 1991. 13(1): p. 37-42. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1889427

75. Motzer, R.J., et al., Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 1999. 17(8): p. 2530-40. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561319

76. Karakiewicz, P.I., et al., Prediction of progression-free survival rates after bevacizumab plus interferon versus interferon alone in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison of a nomogram to the Motzer criteria. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(1): p. 48-56. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190790

77. Cindolo, L., et al., A preoperative clinical prognostic model for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2003. 92(9): p. 901-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14632843

78. Cindolo, L., et al., Comparison of predictive accuracy of four prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: a multicenter European study. Cancer, 2005. 104(7): p. 1362-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16116599

79. Yaycioglu, O., et al., Prognostic assessment of nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma: a clinically based model. Urology, 2001. 58(2): p. 141-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489682

80. Zisman, A., et al., Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19(6): p. 1649-57.

81. Zisman, A., et al., Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(23): p. 4559-66. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454113

82. Zisman, A., et al., Validation of the ucla integrated staging system for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19(17): p. 3792-3.

83. Lam, J.S., et al., Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J Urol, 2005. 174(2): p. 466-72; discussion 472; quiz 801. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006866

84. Cindolo, L., et al., Validation by calibration of the UCLA integrated staging system prognostic model for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. Cancer, 2008. 113(1): p. 65-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473356

85. Patard, J.J., et al., Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(16): p. 3316-22.

86. Han, K.R., et al., Validation of an integrated staging system toward improved prognostication of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma in an international population. J Urol, 2003. 170(6 Pt 1): p. 2221-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634383

87. Ficarra, V., et al., The 'Stage, Size, Grade and Necrosis' score is more accurate than the University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 103(2): p. 165-70.

88. Hutterer, G.C., et al., Patients with distant metastases from renal cell carcinoma can be accurately identified: external validation of a new nomogram. BJU Int, 2008. 101(1): p. 39-43.

89. Hutterer, G.C., et al., Patients with renal cell carcinoma nodal metastases can be accurately identified: external validation of a new nomogram. Int J Cancer, 2007. 121(11): p. 2556-61.

90. Karakiewicz, P.I., et al., A preoperative prognostic model for patients treated with nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(2): p. 287-95. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715700

91. Karakiewicz, P.I., et al., Multi-institutional validation of a new renal cancer-specific survival nomogram. J Clin Oncol, 2007. 25(11): p. 1316-22. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416852

92. Cindolo, L., et al., Assessing the accuracy and generalizability of the preoperative and postoperative Karakiewicz nomograms for renal cell carcinoma: results from a multicentre European and US study. BJU Int, 2013. 112(5): p. 578-84. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23470199

93. Tan, M.H., et al., The Karakiewicz nomogram is the most useful clinical predictor for survival outcomes in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2011. 117(23): p. 5314-24.

94. Frank, I., et al., An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J Urol, 2002. 168(6): p. 2395-400. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12441925

95. Zigeuner, R., et al., External validation of the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade, and necrosis (SSIGN) score for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in a single European centre applying routine pathology. Eur Urol, 2010. 57(1): p. 102-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19062157

96. Leibovich, B.C., et al., Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer, 2003. 97(7): p. 1663-71.

97. Pichler, M., et al., External validation of the Leibovich prognosis score for nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma at a single European center applying routine pathology. J Urol, 2011. 186(5): p. 1773-7.

98. Pichler, M., et al., Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer, 2013. 108(4): p. 901-7.

99. Kattan, M.W., et al., A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2001. 166(1): p. 63-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11435824

100. Hupertan, V., et al., Low predictive accuracy of the Kattan postoperative nomogram for renal cell carcinoma recurrence in a population of French patients. Cancer, 2006. 107(11): p. 2604-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17075871

101. Veeratterapillay, R., et al., Can the Kattan nomogram still accurately predict prognosis in renal cell carcinoma using the revised 2010 tumor-nodes-metastasis reclassification? Int J Urol, 2012. 19(8): p. 773-6.

102. Sorbellini, M., et al., A postoperative prognostic nomogram predicting recurrence for patients with conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2005. 173(1): p. 48-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15592023

103. Klatte, T., et al., Development and external validation of a nomogram predicting disease specific survival after nephrectomy for papillary renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2010. 184(1): p. 53-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478577

104. Delahunt, B. and J.N. Eble, Papillary renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 105 tumors. Mod Pathol, 1997. 10(6): p. 537-44. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9195569

105. Motzer, R.J., et al., Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(1): p. 289-96.

106. Motzer, R.J., et al., Prognostic factors for survival in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(3): p. 454-63.

107. Mekhail, T.M., et al., Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23(4): p. 832-41. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15681528

108. Patil, S., et al., Prognostic factors for progression-free and overall survival with sunitinib targeted therapy and with cytokine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2011. 22(2): p. 295-300. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657034

109. Heng, D.Y., et al., Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted agents: results from a large, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(34): p. 5794-9.

110. Bamias, A., et al., Development and validation of a prognostic model in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib: a European collaboration. Br J Cancer, 2013. 109(2): p. 332-41. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23807171

111. Heng, D.Y., et al., External validation and comparison with other models of the International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium prognostic model: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14(2): p. 141-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23312463

112. Manola, J., et al., Prognostic model for survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from the international kidney cancer working group. Clin Cancer Res, 2011. 17(16): p. 5443-50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21828239

113. Choueiri, T.K., et al., Clinical factors associated with outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy. Cancer, 2007. 110(3): p. 543-50.

114. Negrier, S., et al., Prognostic factors of survival and rapid progression in 782 patients with metastatic renal carcinomas treated by cytokines: a report from the Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. Ann Oncol, 2002. 13(9): p. 1460-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12196373

115. Escudier, B., et al., Update on AVOREN trial in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): efficacy and safety in subgroups of patients (pts) and pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(Suppl): p. Abstr 5025.

116. Leibovich, B.C., et al., Scoring algorithm to predict survival after nephrectomy and immunotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer, 2003. 98(12): p. 2566-75. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669275

117. Leibovich, B.C., et al., A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. J Urol, 2005. 174(5): p. 1759-63; discussion 1763. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217278

118. Pichler, M., et al., Predictive ability of the 2002 and 2010 versions of the Tumour-Node-Metastasis classification system regarding metastasis-free, cancer-specific and overall survival in a European renal cell carcinoma single-centre series. BJU Int, 2013. 111(4 Pt B): p. E191-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107473

119. Harrell, F.E., Jr., et al., Evaluating the yield of medical tests. JAMA, 1982. 247(18): p. 2543-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7069920

120. Hanley, J.A. and B.J. McNeil, The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 1982. 143(1): p. 29-36.

121. Eichelberg, C., et al., Diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for renal cell carcinoma: a critical appraisal of the current state of research and clinical applicability. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(4): p. 851-63.

122. Tan, P.H., et al., Renal tumors: diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Am J Surg Pathol, 2013. 37(10): p. 1518-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24025522

123. Hu, Q., et al., The prognostic value of C-reactive protein in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32(1): p. 50.e1-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239465

124. Junker, K., et al., Potential role of genetic markers in the management of kidney cancer. Eur Urol, 2013. 63(2): p. 333-40. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040205

125. Finley, D.S., A.J. Pantuck, and A.S. Belldegrun, Tumor biology and prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma. Oncologist, 2011. 16 Suppl 2: p. 4-13. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21346035

126. Klatte, T., et al., Molecular signatures of localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma to predict disease-free survival after nephrectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(3): p. 894-900.

127. Parker, A.S., et al., Development and evaluation of BioScore: a biomarker panel to enhance prognostic algorithms for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2009. 115(10): p. 2092-103.

128. Eichelberg, C., et al., Epithelial cell adhesion molecule is an independent prognostic marker in clear cell renal carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 2013. 132(12): p. 2948-55.

129. Sun, M., et al., Prognostic factors and predictive models in renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary review. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(4): p. 644-61.

130. Cancer Genome Atlas Research, N., Comprehensive molecular characterization of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nature, 2013. 499(7456): p. 43-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792563

131. Sato, Y., et al., Integrated molecular analysis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet, 2013. 45(8): p. 860-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23797736

132. Brooks, S.A., et al., ClearCode34: A prognostic risk predictor for localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2014. 66(1): p. 77-84. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613583

133. Davis, C.F., et al., The somatic genomic landscape of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2014. 26(3): p. 319-30. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155756

134. Novick, A., et al., Guideline for management of the clinical stage 1 renal mass, A.U. Association, Editor. 2009. p. 1-76.

135. Smaldone, M.C., et al., Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Cancer, 2012. 118(4): p. 997-1006. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21766302

136. Chawla, S.N., et al., The natural history of observed enhancing renal masses: meta-analysis and review of the world literature. J Urol, 2006. 175(2): p. 425-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16406965

137. Kunkle, D.A., B.L. Egleston, and R.G. Uzzo, Excise, ablate or observe: the small renal mass dilemma--a meta-analysis and review. J Urol, 2008. 179(4): p. 1227-33; discussion 1233-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280512

138. Lane, B.R., et al., Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 years or older. Cancer, 2010. 116(13): p. 3119-26. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564627

139. Jewett, M.A., et al., Active surveillance of small renal masses: progression patterns of early stage kidney cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(1): p. 39-44. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477920

140. Lane, B.R., C.M. Tobert, and C.B. Riedinger, Growth kinetics and active surveillance for small renal masses. Curr Opin Urol, 2012. 22(5): p. 353-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706068

141. Thompson, R.H., et al., Metastatic renal cell carcinoma risk according to tumor size. J Urol, 2009. 182(1): p. 41-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450840

142. Pierorazio, P.M., et al., Active surveillance for small renal masses. Rev Urol, 2012. 14(1-2): p. 13-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23172995

143. El Dib, R., N.J. Touma, and A. Kapoor, Cryoablation vs radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case series studies. BJU Int, 2012. 110(4): p. 510-6.

144. MacLennan, S., et al., Systematic review of oncological outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer. Eur Urol, 2012. 61(5): p. 972-93.

145. Siva, S., et al., A systematic review of stereotactic radiotherapy ablation for primary renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2012. 110(11 Pt B): p. E737-43. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107102

146. Van Poppel, H. and S. Joniau, Is surveillance an option for the treatment of small renal masses? Eur Urol, 2007. 52(5): p. 1323-30.

147. Desai, M.M., M. Aron, and I.S. Gill, Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic cryoablation for the small renal tumor. Urology. 66(5): p. 23-28. PubMed: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2005.06.114

148. Whitson, J.M., C.R. Harris, and M.V. Meng, Population-based comparative effectiveness of nephron-sparing surgery vs ablation for small renal masses. BJU Int, 2012. 110(10): p. 1438-43; discussion 1443.

149. Ljungberg, B., et al., Guidelines on renal cell carcinoma. 2013, European Association of Urology (EAU): Arnhem, The Netherlands.

150. Hemal, A.K., et al., Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy for large renal tumors: a long-term prospective comparison. J Urol, 2007. 177(3): p. 862-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296361

151. Tait, C., et al., Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for kidney cancer resection: Dundee cohort and metaanalysis of observational studies. Surg Endosc, 2011. 25(10): p. 3154-61. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21594741

152. Gratzke, C., et al., Quality of life and perioperative outcomes after retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN), open RN and nephron-sparing surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 104(4): p. 470-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239445

153. Peng, B., et al., Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy and open nephrectomy for radical treatment of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 2006. 27: p. 1167 - 1169.

154. Gill, I.S., et al., Comparison of 1,800 laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies for single renal tumors. J Urol, 2007. 178(1): p. 41-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574056

155. Lane, B.R. and I.S. Gill, 7-year oncological outcomes after laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2010. 183(2): p. 473-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20006866

156. Gong, E.M., et al., Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy in clinical T1a renal tumors. J Endourol, 2008. 22(5): p. 953-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363510

157. Marszalek, M., et al., Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: a matched-pair comparison of 200 patients. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(5): p. 1171-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232819

158. Van Poppel, H., et al., Treatment of localised renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(4): p. 662-72.

159. Aboumarzouk, O.M., et al., Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2012. 62(6): p. 1023-33.

160. Froghi, S., et al., Evaluation of robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumours (T1a). BJU Int, 2013. 112(4): p. E322-33.

161. Bi, L., et al., Robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors larger than 4 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2013. 8(10): p. e75050.

162. Merseburger, A.S., et al., EAU guidelines on robotic and single-site surgery in urology. Eur Urol, 2013. 64(2): p. 277-91. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23764016

163. Robson, C.J., B.M. Churchill, and W. Anderson, The results of radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 1969. 101(3): p. 297-301. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5765875

164. MacLennan, S., et al., Systematic review of perioperative and quality-of-life outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer. Eur Urol, 2012. 62(6): p. 1097-117. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841673

165. Desai, M.M., et al., Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol, 2005. 173(1): p. 38-41. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15592021

166. Nambirajan, T., et al., Prospective, randomized controlled study: transperitoneal laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy. Urology, 2004. 64(5): p. 919-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15533478

167. Nadler, R.B., et al., A prospective study of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 tumors--is transperitoneal, retroperitoneal or hand assisted the best approach? J Urol, 2006. 175(4): p. 1230-3; discussion 1234. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515966

168. Fan, X., et al., Comparison of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2013. 111(4): p. 611-21.

169. Hemal, A.K. and A. Kumar, A prospective comparison of laparoscopic and robotic radical nephrectomy for T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol, 2009. 27(1): p. 89-94. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704439

170. Novick, A.C., Renal hypothermia: in vivo and ex vivo. Urol Clin North Am, 1983. 10(4): p. 637-44. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6356550

171. Raman, J.D., et al., Renal functional outcomes for tumours in a solitary kidney managed by ablative or extirpative techniques. BJU Int, 2010. 105(4): p. 496-500. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19681900

172. Kopp, R.P., et al., Factors affecting renal function after open partial nephrectomy-a comparison of clampless and clamped warm ischemic technique. Urology, 2012. 80(4): p. 865-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951008

173. Funahashi, Y., et al., Effect of warm ischemia on renal function during partial nephrectomy: assessment with new 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine scintigraphy parameter. Urology, 2012. 79(1): p. 160-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070892

174. Shao, P., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with segmental renal artery clamping: technique and clinical outcomes. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(5): p. 849-55. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21146917

175. Wang, L., et al., Is diameter-axial-polar scoring predictive of renal functional damage in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy? An evaluation using technetium Tc 99m ((9)(9)Tcm) diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA) glomerular filtration rate. BJU Int, 2013. 111(8): p. 1191-8.

176. Hillyer, S.P., et al., Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for bilateral synchronous kidney tumors: single-institution comparative analysis. Urology, 2011. 78(4): p. 808-12. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855967

177. Khalifeh, A., et al., Comparative outcomes and assessment of trifecta in 500 robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy cases: a single surgeon experience. J Urol, 2013. 189(4): p. 1236-42.

178. Lee, S., et al., Open versus robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: effect on clinical outcome. J Endourol, 2011. 25(7): p. 1181-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21657825

179. Bhayani, S.B., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: effect of warm ischemia on serum creatinine. J Urol, 2004. 172(4 Pt 1): p. 1264-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371820

180. Kane, C.J., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with temporary arterial occlusion: description of technique and renal functional outcomes. Urology, 2004. 63(2): p. 241-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14972462

181. Krane, L.S., et al., Comparison of clamping technique in robotic partial nephrectomy: does unclamped partial nephrectomy improve perioperative outcomes and renal function? Can J Urol, 2013. 20(1): p. 6662-7.

182. Hillyer, S.P., et al., Robotic partial nephrectomy for solitary kidney: a multi-institutional analysis. Urology, 2013. 81(1): p. 93-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153935

183. Lane, B.R., et al., Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy for tumor in a solitary kidney. J Urol, 2008. 179(3): p. 847-51; discussion 852. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221958

184. Thompson, R.H., et al., Every minute counts when the renal hilum is clamped during partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2010. 58(3): p. 340-5.

185. Campbell, S.C., A nonischemic approach to partial nephrectomy is optimal. No. J Urol, 2012. 187(2): p. 388-90.

186. Simmons, M.N., et al., Association between warm ischemia time and renal parenchymal atrophy after partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2013. 189(5): p. 1638-42.

187. Kim, S.P. and R.H. Thompson, Kidney function after partial nephrectomy: current thinking. Curr Opin Urol, 2013. 23(2): p. 105-11. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23321635

188. Ward, J.P., Determination of the Optimum temperature for regional renal hypothermia during temporary renal ischaemia. Br J Urol, 1975. 47(1): p. 17-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/236801

189. Fandella, A., et al., The effects of renal ischemia on kidney function in renal cancer conservative surgery. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2006. 78(3): p. 117-22. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17137028

190. Steffens, J., et al., Partial nephrectomy with perfusion cooling for imperative indications: a 24-year experience. BJU Int, 2005. 96(4): p. 608-11. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104919

191. Gill, I.S., et al., "Zero ischemia" partial nephrectomy: novel laparoscopic and robotic technique. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(1): p. 128-34.

192. Wilson, D.H., et al., Effects of intermittent versus continuous renal arterial occlusion on hemodynamics and function of the kidney. Invest Urol, 1971. 8(5): p. 507-15. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5556481

193. Borofsky, M.S., et al., Near-infrared fluorescence imaging to facilitate super-selective arterial clamping during zero-ischaemia robotic partial nephrectomy. BJU Int, 2013. 111(4): p. 604-10. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23253629

194. George, A.K., et al., Perioperative outcomes of off-clamp vs complete hilar control laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. BJU Int, 2013. 111(4 Pt B): p. E235-41. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23130741

195. Thompson, R.H., et al., Comparison of warm ischemia versus no ischemia during partial nephrectomy on a solitary kidney. Eur Urol, 2010. 58(3): p. 331-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20557996

196. Rais-Bahrami, S., et al., Off-clamp versus complete hilar control laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: comparison by clinical stage. BJU Int, 2012. 109(9): p. 1376-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21992566

197. Vricella, G.J., et al., External validation of a model for tailoring the operative approach to minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. BJU Int, 2011. 107(11): p. 1806-10. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040363

198. O'Malley, R.L., et al., A matched-cohort comparison of laparoscopic cryoablation and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for treating renal masses. BJU Int, 2007. 99(2): p. 395-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092288

199. Lane, B.R., et al., Comparison of cold and warm ischemia during partial nephrectomy in 660 solitary kidneys reveals predominant role of nonmodifiable factors in determining ultimate renal function. J Urol, 2011. 185(2): p. 421-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21167524

200. Shikanov, S., et al., Impact of ischemia on renal function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a multicenter study. J Urol, 2010. 183(5): p. 1714-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299052

201. Thompson, R.H., et al., The impact of ischemia time during open nephron sparing surgery on solitary kidneys: a multi-institutional study. J Urol, 2007. 177(2): p. 471-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222613

202. Shen, H.L., et al., Balloon occlusion and hypothermic perfusion of the renal artery in laparoscopic partial nephectomy. Int J Urol, 2008. 15(11): p. 967-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775030

203. Long, J.A., et al., Robotic versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for complex tumors: comparison of perioperative outcomes. Eur Urol, 2012. 61(6): p. 1257-62. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464543

204. Lifshitz, D.A., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a single-center evolving experience. Urology, 2010. 75(2): p. 282-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962732

205. Choi, J.D., et al., A comparison of surgical and functional outcomes of robot-assisted versus pure laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. JSLS, 2013. 17(2): p. 292-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925024

206. Berg, W.T., et al., The first assistant sparing technique robot-assisted partial nephrectomy decreases warm ischemia time while maintaining good perioperative outcomes. J Endourol, 2012. 26(11): p. 1448-53.

207. Ching, C.B., et al., Functional and oncologic outcomes of bilateral open partial nephrectomy versus bilateral laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Endourol, 2011. 25(7): p. 1193-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21671758

208. Blom, J.H., et al., Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph-node dissection: final results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized phase 3 trial 30881. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(1): p. 28-34.

209. Bekema, H.J., et al., Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2013. 64(5): p. 799-810. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23643550

210. Marszalek, M., et al., Positive surgical margins after nephron-sparing surgery. Eur Urol, 2012. 61(4): p. 757-63. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136987

211. Bernhard, J.C., et al., Predictive factors for ipsilateral recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2010. 57(6): p. 1080-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20188458

212. Peycelon, M., et al., Long-term outcomes after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma larger than 4 cm. J Urol, 2009. 181(1): p. 35-41.

213. Kwon, E.O., et al., Impact of positive surgical margins in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumours. BJU Int, 2007. 99(2): p. 286-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17155985

214. Bensalah, K., et al., Positive surgical margin appears to have negligible impact on survival of renal cell carcinomas treated by nephron-sparing surgery. Eur Urol, 2010. 57(3): p. 466-71.

215. Permpongkosol, S., et al., Positive surgical parenchymal margin after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: oncological outcomes. J Urol, 2006. 176(6 Pt 1): p. 2401-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085113

216. Yossepowitch, O., et al., Positive surgical margins at partial nephrectomy: predictors and oncological outcomes. J Urol, 2008. 179(6): p. 2158-63.

217. Khalifeh, A., et al., Positive surgical margins in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a multi-institutional analysis of oncologic outcomes (leave no tumor behind). J Urol, 2013. 190(5): p. 1674-9.

218. Sundaram, V., et al., Positive margin during partial nephrectomy: does cancer remain in the renal remnant? Urology, 2011. 77(6): p. 1400-3.

219. Raz, O., et al., Positive surgical margins with renal cell carcinoma have a limited influence on long-term oncological outcomes of nephron sparing surgery. Urology, 2010. 75(2): p. 277-80.

220. Ray, E.R., et al., Open partial nephrectomy: outcomes from two UK centres. BJU Int, 2006. 97(6): p. 1211-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16686713

221. Timsit, M.O., et al., Prospective study of safety margins in partial nephrectomy: intraoperative assessment and contribution of frozen section analysis. Urology, 2006. 67(5): p. 923-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635521

222. Palermo, S.M., et al., Cytology as an alternative to frozen section at the time of nephron-sparing surgery to evaluate surgical margin status. Urology, 2013. 82(5): p. 1071-5.

223. Sterious, S.N., et al., Is there a benefit to frozen section analysis at the time of partial nephrectomy? Can J Urol, 2013. 20(3): p. 6778-84.

224. Hillyer, S.P., et al., Utility of intraoperative frozen section during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a single institution experience. J Endourol, 2013. 27(3): p. 324-7.

225. Hagemann, I.S. and J.S. Lewis, Jr., A retrospective comparison of 2 methods of intraoperative margin evaluation during partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2009. 181(2): p. 500-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084870

226. Venigalla, S., G. Wu, and H. Miyamoto, The impact of frozen section analysis during partial nephrectomy on surgical margin status and tumor recurrence: a clinicopathologic study of 433 cases. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2013. 11(4): p. 527-36. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871293

227. Ljungberg, B., et al., EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. Eur Urol, 2010. 58(3): p. 398-406. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633979

228. Campbell, S.C., et al., Guideline for management of the clinical T1 renal mass. J Urol, 2009. 182(4): p. 1271-9.

229. Minervini, A., et al., Simple enucleation versus radical nephrectomy in the treatment of pT1a and pT1b renal cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012. 19(2): p. 694-700. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861225

230. Coffin, G., et al., Impact of elective versus imperative indications on oncologic outcomes after open nephron-sparing surgery for the treatment of sporadic renal cell carcinomas. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011. 18(4): p. 1151-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21136181

231. Hansen, J., et al., Assessment of cancer control outcomes in patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma treated with partial nephrectomy. Urology, 2012. 80(2): p. 347-53. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698478

232. Becker, F., et al., Short-term functional and oncologic outcomes of nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumours >/= 7 cm. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(6): p. 931-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371812

233. Huang, W.C., et al., Chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2006. 7(9): p. 735-40. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945768

234. Klarenbach, S., et al., Adverse renal outcomes in subjects undergoing nephrectomy for renal tumors: a population-based analysis. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(3): p. 333-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109345

235. Scosyrev, E., et al., Renal function after nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: results from EORTC randomized trial 30904. Eur Urol, 2014. 65(2): p. 372-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850254

236. Huang, W.C., et al., Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors--is there a difference in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes? J Urol, 2009. 181(1): p. 55-61; discussion 61-2.

237. Thompson, R.H., et al., Radical nephrectomy for pT1a renal masses may be associated with decreased overall survival compared with partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2008. 179(2): p. 468-71; discussion 472-3.

238. Weight, C.J., et al., Partial nephrectomy is associated with improved overall survival compared to radical nephrectomy in patients with unanticipated benign renal tumours. Eur Urol, 2010. 58(2): p. 293-8.

239. Van Poppel, H., et al., A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(4): p. 543-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21186077

240. Minervini, A., et al., Histopathologic analysis of peritumoral pseudocapsule and surgical margin status after tumor enucleation for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(6): p. 1410-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692300

241. Minervini, A., et al., Local recurrence after tumour enucleation for renal cell carcinoma with no ablation of the tumour bed: results of a prospective single-centre study. BJU Int, 2011. 107(9): p. 1394-9.

242. Carini, M., et al., Simple enucleation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm in greatest dimension: progression and long-term survival. J Urol, 2006. 175(6): p. 2022-6; discussion 2026.

243. Carini, M., et al., Simple enucleation for the treatment of PT1a renal cell carcinoma: our 20-year experience. Eur Urol, 2006. 50(6): p. 1263-8; discussion 1269-71.

244. Van Poppel, H., et al., A prospective randomized EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the complications of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2007. 51(6): p. 1606-15. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140723

245. Schnoeller, T.J., et al., Partial nephrectomy using porcine small intestinal submucosa. World J Surg Oncol, 2011. 9: p. 126.

246. Sutherland, S.E., et al., Does the size of the surgical margin in partial nephrectomy for renal cell cancer really matter? J Urol, 2002. 167(1): p. 61-4.

247. Castilla, E.A., et al., Prognostic importance of resection margin width after nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 2002. 60(6): p. 993-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475656

248. Patard, J.J., et al., Morbidity and clinical outcome of nephron-sparing surgery in relation to tumour size and indication. Eur Urol, 2007. 52(1): p. 148-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17240036

249. Zigeuner, R., et al., Long-term results of nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in 114 patients: risk factors for progressive disease. BJU Int, 2003. 92(6): p. 567-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14511035

250. Duvdevani, M., et al., Renal artery occlusion during nephron-sparing surgery: retrospective review of 301 cases. Urology, 2006. 68(5): p. 960-3. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113887

251. Duvdevani, M., et al., Is frozen section analysis in nephron sparing surgery necessary? A clinicopathological study of 301 cases. J Urol, 2005. 173(2): p. 385-7.

252. Gill, I.S., et al., Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients. J Urol, 2003. 170(1): p. 64-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12796646

253. Porpiglia, F., et al., Assessment of surgical margins in renal cell carcinoma after nephron sparing: a comparative study: laparoscopy vs open surgery. J Urol, 2005. 173(4): p. 1098-101. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758709

254. Link, R.E., et al., Exploring the learning curve, pathological outcomes and perioperative morbidity of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy performed for renal mass. J Urol, 2005. 173(5): p. 1690-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15821559

255. Porpiglia, F., et al., Does tumour size really affect the safety of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy? BJU Int, 2011. 108(2): p. 268-73.

256. Breda, A., et al., Positive margins in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in 855 cases: a multi-institutional survey from the United States and Europe. J Urol, 2007. 178(1): p. 47-50; discussion 50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574057

257. Frank, I., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for centrally located renal tumors. J Urol, 2006. 175(3 Pt 1): p. 849-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469563

258. Venkatesh, R., et al., Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal masses: effect of tumor location. Urology, 2006. 67(6): p. 1169-74; discussion 1174. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765174

259. Scoll, B.J., et al., Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a large single-institutional experience. Urology, 2010. 75(6): p. 1328-34. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080290

260. Benway, B.M., et al., Robot assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors: a multi-institutional analysis of perioperative outcomes. J Urol, 2009. 182(3): p. 866-72. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616229

261. Benway, B.M., et al., Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: an international experience. Eur Urol, 2010. 57(5): p. 815-20. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20116163

262. Mellon, M.J., et al., A comparison of pathologic outcomes of matched robotic and open partial nephrectomies. Int Urol Nephrol, 2013. 45(2): p. 381-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386247

263. Verze, P., et al., Simple enucleation versus standard partial nephrectomy for clinical T1 renal tumors: Intraoperative, early post-operative and pathological outcomes from a prospective multicenter comparative study (RECORd Project). European Urology Supplements, 2013. 12(1): p. e172.

264. Minervini, A., et al., Simple enucleation is equivalent to traditional partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: results of a nonrandomized, retrospective, comparative study. J Urol, 2011. 185(5): p. 1604-10.

265. Saranchuk, J.W., et al., Partial nephrectomy for patients with a solitary kidney: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering experience. BJU Int, 2004. 94(9): p. 1323-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610114

266. Lee, D.J., et al., Renal function and oncologic outcomes in nephron sparing surgery for renal masses in solitary kidneys. World J Urol, 2011. 29(3): p. 343-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623290

267. Wszolek, M.F., et al., Comparison of hilar clamping and non-hilar clamping partial nephrectomy for tumours involving a solitary kidney. BJU Int, 2011. 107(12): p. 1886-92. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21070570

268. Ani, I., et al., Prevalence and impact on survival of positive surgical margins in partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a population-based study. BJU Int, 2013. 111(8): p. E300-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23305148

269. Zini, L., et al., A population-based comparison of survival after nephrectomy vs nonsurgical management for small renal masses. BJU Int, 2009. 103(7): p. 899-904; discussion 904. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154499

270. Cheville, J.C., et al., Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003. 27(5): p. 612-24.

271. Mancilla-Jimenez, R., R.J. Stanley, and R.A. Blath, Papillary renal cell carcinoma: a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 34 cases. Cancer, 1976. 38(6): p. 2469-80. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1000477

272. Amin, M.B., et al., Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: an experience of 405 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 2002. 26(3): p. 281-91. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859199

273. Patard, J.J., et al., Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23(12): p. 2763-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837991

274. Gudbjartsson, T., et al., Histological subtyping and nuclear grading of renal cell carcinoma and their implications for survival: a retrospective nation-wide study of 629 patients. Eur Urol, 2005. 48(4): p. 593-600.

275. Margulis, V., et al., Analysis of clinicopathologic predictors of oncologic outcome provides insight into the natural history of surgically managed papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2008. 112(7): p. 1480-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18240184

276. Schrader, A.J., et al., Incidence and long-term prognosis of papillary renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2009. 135(6): p. 799-805. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023595

277. Steffens, S., et al., Incidence and long-term prognosis of papillary compared to clear cell renal cell carcinoma--a multicentre study. Eur J Cancer, 2012. 48(15): p. 2347-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698386

278. Motzer, R.J., et al., Treatment outcome and survival associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of non-clear-cell histology. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(9): p. 2376-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11981011

279. Herrmann, E., et al., Histologic subtype of metastatic renal cell carcinoma predicts response to combined immunochemotherapy with interleukin 2, interferon alpha and 5-fluorouracil. Eur Urol, 2007. 51(6): p. 1625-31; discussion 1631-2. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17113215

280. Schrader, A.J., et al., Metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma: current therapeutic options. BJU Int, 2008. 101(11): p. 1343-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18241246

281. Amato, R.J., Chemotherapy for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol, 2000. 27(2): p. 177-86. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10768596

282. Motzer, R.J., et al., Effect of cytokine therapy on survival for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2000. 18(9): p. 1928-35. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784634

283. Buti, S., et al., Chemotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma today? A systematic review. Anticancer Drugs, 2013. 24(6): p. 535-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552469

284. Atzpodien, J., et al., [Chemoimmunotherapy in the systemic treatment of advanced renal carcinoma]. Urologe A, 1999. 38(5): p. 474-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10501706

285. Motzer, R.J., et al., Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356(2): p. 115-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17215529

286. Hudes, G., et al., Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356(22): p. 2271-81.

287. Escudier, B., et al., Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet, 2007. 370(9605): p. 2103-11. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156031

288. Rini, B.I., et al., Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa compared with interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(33): p. 5422-8.

289. Coppin, C., et al., Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005(1): p. CD001425. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674877

290. Whelan, P., The medical treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. EAU Update Series, 2003. 1(4): p. 237-246.

291. Yang, J.C., et al., Randomized study of high-dose and low-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2003. 21(16): p. 3127-32. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915604

292. Minasian, L.M., et al., Interferon alfa-2a in advanced renal cell carcinoma: treatment results and survival in 159 patients with long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol, 1993. 11(7): p. 1368-75. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8315435

293. Law, T.M., et al., Phase III randomized trial of interleukin-2 with or without lymphokine-activated killer cells in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 1995. 76(5): p. 824-32.

294. Motzer, R.J. and P. Russo, Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2000. 163(2): p. 408-17. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647643

295. Atzpodien, J., et al., Interleukin-2- and interferon alfa-2a-based immunochemotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a Prospectively Randomized Trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(7): p. 1188-94. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14981107

296. Heidenreich, A., A.J. Schrader, and Z. Varga, Basic science and research in renal cell carcinoma: from workbench to bedside. Curr Opin Urol, 2003. 13(6): p. 457-62. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14560138

297. Huland, E., et al., Therapeutic approaches in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: local immunotherapy. Urologe A, 2004. 43 Suppl 3: p. S140-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15179553

298. Huland, E., et al., [Immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in Germany. An assessment of the current status]. Urologe A, 2002. 41(3): p. 282-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12132280

299. McDermott, D.F., et al., Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23(1): p. 133-41. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625368

300. Flanigan, R.C., et al., Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med, 2001. 345(23): p. 1655-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11759643

301. Mickisch, G.H., et al., Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet, 2001. 358(9286): p. 966-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11583750

302. Motzer, R.J., et al., Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. The New England journal of medicine, 2013. 369(8): p. 722-731. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964934

303. Gore, M.E., et al., Interferon alfa-2a versus combination therapy with interferon alfa-2a, interleukin-2, and fluorouracil in patients with untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRC RE04/EORTC GU 30012): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet, 2010. 375(9715): p. 641-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153039

304. Atzpodien, J., et al., Biochemotherapy of advanced metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: results of the combination of interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. World J Urol, 1995. 13(3): p. 174-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7550391

305. Lopez Hanninen, E., H. Kirchner, and J. Atzpodien, Interleukin-2 based home therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: risks and benefits in 215 consecutive single institution patients. J Urol, 1996. 155(1): p. 19-25. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7490829

306. Hofmockel, G., et al., Immunochemotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma using a regimen of interleukin-2, interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil. J Urol, 1996. 156(1): p. 18-21.

307. Joffe, J.K., et al., A phase II study of interferon-alpha, interleukin-2 and 5-fluorouracil in advanced renal carcinoma: clinical data and laboratory evidence of protease activation. Br J Urol, 1996. 77(5): p. 638-49. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8689103

308. Ellerhorst, J.A., et al., Phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil, interferon-alpha and continuous infusion interleukin-2 for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 1997. 80(11): p. 2128-32. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9392335

309. Tourani, J.M., et al., Outpatient treatment with subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon alfa administration in combination with fluorouracil in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a sequential nonrandomized phase II study. Subcutaneous Administration Propeukin Program Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16(7): p. 2505-13. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667271

310. Ravaud, A., et al., Subcutaneous interleukin-2, interferon alfa-2a, and continuous infusion of fluorouracil in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter phase II trial. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16(8): p. 2728-32. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9704724

311. Elias, L., et al., Pilot trial of infusional 5-fluorouracil, interleukin-2, and subcutaneous interferon-alpha for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol, 1999. 22(2): p. 156-61. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10199450

312. Samland, D., et al., Results of immunochemotherapy with interleukin-2, interferon-alpha2 and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. Eur Urol, 1999. 35(3): p. 204-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072621

313. Dutcher, J.P., et al., Phase II trial of interleukin 2, interferon alpha, and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic renal cell cancer: a cytokine working group study. Clin Cancer Res, 2000. 6(9): p. 3442-50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10999727

314. van Herpen, C.M., et al., Immunochemotherapy with interleukin-2, interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil for progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter phase II study. Dutch Immunotherapy Working Party. Br J Cancer, 2000. 82(4): p. 772-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10732744

315. Atzpodien, J., et al., IL-2 in combination with IFN- alpha and 5-FU versus tamoxifen in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: long-term results of a controlled randomized clinical trial. Br J Cancer, 2001. 85(8): p. 1130-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710825

316. Olencki, T., et al., Phase I and II trials of subcutaneously administered rIL-2, interferon alfa-2a, and fluorouracil in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2001. 127(5): p. 319-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11355147

317. Gez, E., et al., Interleukin-2, interferon-alpha, 5-fluorouracil, and vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a prospective phase II study: the experience of Rambam and Lin Medical Centers 1996-2000. Cancer, 2002. 95(8): p. 1644-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365011

318. Ryan, C.W., N.J. Vogelzang, and W.M. Stadler, A phase II trial of intravenous gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil with subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2002. 94(10): p. 2602-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173327

319. Negrier, S., et al., Medroxyprogesterone, interferon alfa-2a, interleukin 2, or combination of both cytokines in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma of intermediate prognosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 2007. 110(11): p. 2468-77.

320. Motzer, R.J., et al., Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14(6): p. 552-62. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598172

321. Sternberg, C.N., et al., Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28(6): p. 1061-8.

322. Escudier, B., et al., Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356(2): p. 125-34. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215530

323. Motzer, R.J., et al., Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet, 2008. 372(9637): p. 449-56. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653228

324. Motzer, R.J., et al., Dovitinib versus sorafenib for third-line targeted treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2014. 15(3): p. 286-96.

325. Motzer, R.J., et al. Record-3: Phase II randomized trial comparing sequential first-line everolimus (EVE) and second-line sunitinib (SUN) versus first-line SUN and second-line EVE in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). in ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings. 2013.

326. Escudier, B., et al., Prognostic factors of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failure of immunotherapy: new paradigm from a large phase III trial with shark cartilage extract AE 941. J Urol, 2007. 178(5): p. 1901-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868728

327. Melichar, B., et al., A multinational phase II trial of bevacizumab with low-dose interferon-alpha2a as first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: BEVLiN. Ann Oncol, 2013. 24(9): p. 2396-402.

328. Motzer, R.J., et al., Phase 3 trial of everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma : final results and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer, 2010. 116(18): p. 4256-65.

329. Sternberg, C.N., et al., A randomised, double-blind phase III study of pazopanib in patients with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final overall survival results and safety update. Eur J Cancer, 2013. 49(6): p. 1287-96.

330. Ratain, M.J., et al., Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2006. 24(16): p. 2505-12. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636341

331. Escudier, B., et al., Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(20): p. 3312-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451442

332. Cella, D., et al., Quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib or interferon alfa: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(22): p. 3763-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669464

333. Motzer, R.J., et al., Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(22): p. 3584-90. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487381

334. Rey, P.M. and H. Villavicencio, Sorafenib: tolerance in patients on chronic hemodialysis: a single-center experience. Oncology, 2008. 74(3-4): p. 245-6.

335. Park, S., et al., Treatment of hemodialyzed patients with sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. Chemotherapy, 2010. 56(6): p. 485-91.

336. Masini, C., et al., Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with metastatic kidney cancer receiving haemodialysis: a retrospective Italian survey. BJU Int, 2012. 110(5): p. 692-8.

337. Shetty, A.V., et al., Outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis and targeted therapies: a single institution experience. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2014. 12(5): p. 348-53.

338. Michel, M.S., et al., SWITCH: A randomized sequential open-label study to evaluate efficacy and safety of sorafenib (SO)/sunitinib (SU) versus SU/SO in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2014. 32(4_suppl): p. 393-. PubMed: http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/4_suppl/393

339. Rini, B., et al., AMG 386 in combination with sorafenib in patients with metastatic clear cell carcinoma of the kidney: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Cancer, 2012. 118(24): p. 6152-61.

340. Negrier, S., et al., Temsirolimus and bevacizumab, or sunitinib, or interferon alfa and bevacizumab for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (TORAVA): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2011. 12(7): p. 673-80. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664867

341. Ravaud, A., et al., Randomized phase II study of first-line everolimus (EVE)+ bevacizumab (BEV) versus interferon alfa-2a (IFN)+ BEV in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): record-2. Ann Oncol, 2012. 23.

342. Ravaud, A., et al., Randomized phase II study of first-line everolimus plus bevacizumab (E+B) versus interferon {alpha}-2a plus bevacizumab (I+B) in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Record-2 final overall survival (OS) and safety results. ASCO Meeting Abstracts, 2013. 31(15_suppl): p. 4576. PubMed: http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/15_suppl/4576

343. Rini, B.I., et al., Randomized phase III trial of temsirolimus and bevacizumab versus interferon alfa and bevacizumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: INTORACT trial. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32(8): p. 752-9.

344. Fishman, M.N., et al., Phase Ib study of tivozanib (AV-951) in combination with temsirolimus in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2013. 49(13): p. 2841-50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23726267

345. Negrier, S., et al., Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a, or both in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie. N Engl J Med, 1998. 338(18): p. 1272-8.

346. Gordon, M.S., et al., Low dose interferon-{alpha}2b (IFN) + thalidomide (T) in patients (pts) with previously untreated renal cell cancer (RCC). Improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) but not quality of life (QoL) or overall survival (OS). A phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2898). ASCO Meeting Abstracts, 2004. 22(14_suppl): p. 4516. PubMed: http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/14_suppl/4516

347. Amin, A., et al., Nivolumab (anti-PD-1; BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in combination with sunitinib or pazopanib in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts, 2014. 32(15_suppl): p. 5010. PubMed: http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/15_suppl/5010

348. Motzer, R.J., et al., Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2013. 31(30): p. 3791-3799. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019545

349. Elhilali, M.M., et al., Placebo-associated remissions in a multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial of interferon γ-1b for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU International, 2000. 86(6): p. 613-618. PubMed: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00880.x

350. Janiszewska, A.D., S. Poletajew, and A. Wasiutynski, Spontaneous regression of renal cell carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn), 2013. 17(2): p. 123-7.

351. Gerlinger, M., et al., Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(10): p. 883-92.

352. Nosov, D.A., et al., Antitumor activity and safety of tivozanib (AV-951) in a phase II randomized discontinuation trial in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30(14): p. 1678-85.

353. Johannsen, M., et al., Can tyrosine kinase inhibitors be discontinued in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and a complete response to treatment? A multicentre, retrospective analysis. Eur Urol, 2009. 55(6): p. 1430-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18950936

354. Albiges, L., et al., Complete remission with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30(5): p. 482-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22231040

355. Johannsen, M., et al., Outcome of treatment discontinuation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and no evidence of disease following targeted therapy with or without metastasectomy. Ann Oncol, 2011. 22(3): p. 657-63. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870911

356. Flanigan, R.C., et al., Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol, 2004. 171(3): p. 1071-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14767273

357. Spiess, P.E. and M.N. Fishman, Cytoreductive nephrectomy vs medical therapy as initial treatment: a rational approach to the sequence question in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Control, 2010. 17(4): p. 269-78. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20861814

358. Gore, M.E., et al., Safety and efficacy of sunitinib for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: an expanded-access trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10(8): p. 757-63. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19615940

359. Kavoussi, L.R., et al., Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review. J Urol, 1986. 135(5): p. 1005-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3959224

360. Lokich, J., Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cancer. Case report and literature review. Am J Clin Oncol, 1997. 20(4): p. 416-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9256902

361. Cost, N.G., et al., The impact of targeted molecular therapies on the level of renal cell carcinoma vena caval tumor thrombus. Eur Urol, 2011. 59(6): p. 912-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367518

362. Cowey, C.L., et al., Neoadjuvant clinical trial with sorafenib for patients with stage II or higher renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28(9): p. 1502-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159822

363. Hellenthal, N.J., et al., Prospective clinical trial of preoperative sunitinib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2010. 184(3): p. 859-64. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643461

364. Jonasch, E., et al., Phase II presurgical feasibility study of bevacizumab in untreated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(25): p. 4076-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19636008

365. Kierney, P.C., et al., Surgeon's role in the management of solitary renal cell carcinoma metastases occurring subsequent to initial curative nephrectomy: an institutional review. Ann Surg Oncol, 1994. 1(4): p. 345-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850534

366. Kavolius, J.P., et al., Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16(6): p. 2261-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9626229

367. van der Poel, H.G., et al., Metastasectomy in renal cell carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective analysis. Eur Urol, 1999. 35(3): p. 197-203. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072620

368. Wersäll, P.J., et al., Extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy for primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2005. 77(1): p. 88-95. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972239

369. Svedman, C., et al., A prospective Phase II trial of using extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Acta Oncol, 2006. 45(7): p. 870-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16982552

370. Teh, B., et al., The treatment of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2007. 3(1): p. e6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21614267

371. Stinauer, M.A., et al., Stereotactic body radiation therapy for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma: impact of single fraction equivalent dose on local control. Radiat Oncol, 2011. 6: p. 34. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477295

372. Zelefsky, M.J., et al., Tumor control outcomes after hypofractionated and single-dose stereotactic image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for extracranial metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 82(5): p. 1744-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596489

373. Ranck, M.C., et al., Stereotactic body radiotherapy for the treatment of oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol, 2013. 36(6): p. 589-95. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22868242

374. De Meerleer, G., et al., Radiotherapy for renal-cell carcinoma. Lancet Oncol, 2014. 15(4): p. e170-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694640

375. Alt, A.L., et al., Survival after complete surgical resection of multiple metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2011. 117(13): p. 2873-82. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21692048

376. Kwak, C., et al., Metastasectomy without systemic therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison with conservative treatment. Urol Int, 2007. 79(2): p. 145-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17851285

377. Renaud, S., et al., Systematic lymph node dissection in lung metastasectomy of renal cell carcinoma: an 18 years of experience. J Surg Oncol, 2014. 109(8): p. 823-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24619772

378. Winter, H., et al., Tumor infiltrated hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes are an independent prognostic factor for decreased survival after pulmonary metastasectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2010. 184(5): p. 1888-94. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846691

379. Parsons, A.M., F.C. Detterbeck, and L.A. Parker, Accuracy of helical CT in the detection of pulmonary metastases: is intraoperative palpation still necessary? The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2004. 78(6): p. 1910-1918.

380. Cerfolio, R.J., et al., A prospective study to determine the incidence of non-imaged malignant pulmonary nodules in patients who undergo metastasectomy by thoracotomy with lung palpation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011. 91(6): p. 1696-700; discussion 1700-1. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21619965

381. Eckardt, J. and P.B. Licht, Thoracoscopic or open surgery for pulmonary metastasectomy: an observer blinded study. Ann Thorac Surg, 2014. 98(2): p. 466-9; discussion 469-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928676

382. Greenwood, A. and D. West, Is a thoracotomy rather than thoracoscopic resection associated with improved survival after pulmonary metastasectomy? Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, 2013. 17(4): p. 720-4.

383. Oddsson, S.J., et al., Synchronous pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma--a whole nation study on prevalence and potential resectability. Scand J Surg, 2012. 101(3): p. 160-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968238

384. Piltz, S., et al., Long-term results after pulmonary resection of renal cell carcinoma metastases. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002. 73(4): p. 1082-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996245

385. Pfannschmidt, J., et al., Prognostic factors for survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002. 74(5): p. 1653-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12440625

386. Meimarakis, G., et al., Evaluation of a new prognostic score (Munich score) to predict long-term survival after resection of pulmonary renal cell carcinoma metastases. Am J Surg, 2011. 202(2): p. 158-67. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810496

387. Kudelin, N., et al., Metastasectomy with standardized lymph node dissection for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an 11-year single-center experience. Ann Thorac Surg, 2013. 96(1): p. 265-70: discussion 270-1. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731615

388. Bölükbas, S., et al., The influence of the primary tumor on the long-term results of pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012. 60(6): p. 390-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22207364

389. Kanzaki, R., et al., Long-term results of surgical resection for pulmonary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: a 25-year single-institution experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2011. 39(2): p. 167-72. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591686

390. Rusch, V.W., Pulmonary metastasectomy. Current indications. Chest, 1995. 107(6 Suppl): p. 322S-331S. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7781414

391. Murthy, S.C., et al., Can we predict long-term survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for renal cell carcinoma? Ann Thorac Surg, 2005. 79(3): p. 996-1003. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15734422

392. Hofmann, H.S., et al., Prognostic factors and survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2005. 48(1): p. 77-81; discussion 81-2. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967255

393. Althausen, P., et al., Prognostic factors and surgical treatment of osseous metastases secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 1997. 80(6): p. 1103-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9305711

394. Kollender, Y., et al., Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of bone: indications and technique of surgical intervention. J Urol, 2000. 164(5): p. 1505-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11025692

395. Lin, P.P., et al., Patient survival after surgery for osseous metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007. 89(8): p. 1794-801. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671020

396. Szendroi, A., et al., Prognostic factors and survival of renal clear cell carcinoma patients with bone metastases. Pathol Oncol Res, 2010. 16(1): p. 29-38. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639393

397. Jung, S.T., et al., Treatment of osseous metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003(409): p. 223-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671506

398. Fottner, A., et al., Bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma: patient survival after surgical treatment. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2010. 11: p. 145. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598157

399. Ulmar, B., et al., [Surgical treatment and evaluation of prognostic factors in spinal metastases of renal cell carcinoma]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, 2006. 144(1): p. 58-67.

400. Jackson, R.J., S.C. Loh, and Z.L. Gokaslan, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the spine: surgical treatment and results. J Neurosurg, 2001. 94(1 Suppl): p. 18-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11147860

401. Druschel, C., et al., [Solitary spinal metastases. Is aggressive surgical management justified?]. Orthopäde, 2013. 42(9): p. 709-24.

402. Patchell, R.A., et al., Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet, 2005. 366(9486): p. 643-648. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112300

403. Gerszten, P.C., et al., Stereotactic radiosurgery for spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 2005. 3(4): p. 288-295.

404. Nguyen, Q.-N., et al., Management of spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma using stereotactic body radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 2010. 76(4): p. 1185-1192.

405. Balagamwala, E.H., et al., Single-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg Spine, 2012. 17(6): p. 556-64. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020208

406. Thibault, I., et al., Spine stereotactic body radiotherapy for renal cell cancer spinal metastases: analysis of outcomes and risk of vertebral compression fracture. J Neurosurg Spine, 2014. 21(5): p. 711-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170656

407. Sellin, J.N., et al., Factors affecting survival in 37 consecutive patients undergoing de novo stereotactic radiosurgery for contiguous sites of vertebral body metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg Spine, 2015. 22(1): p. 52-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25360530

408. Hunter, G.K., et al., The efficacy of external beam radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy for painful spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Pract Radiat Oncol, 2012. 2(4): p. e95-e100. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24674192

409. Blanco, A.I., B.S. Teh, and R.J. Amato, Role of radiation therapy in the management of renal cell cancer. Cancers (Basel), 2011. 3(4): p. 4010-23. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213122

410. Svedman, C., et al., Stereotactic body radiotherapy of primary and metastatic renal lesions for patients with only one functioning kidney. Acta Oncol, 2008. 47(8): p. 1578-83. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607859

411. Scorsetti, M., et al., Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with radioresistant brain metastases. Anticancer Res, 2009. 29(10): p. 4259-63. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19846983

412. Kjaer, M., P.L. Frederiksen, and S.A. Engelholm, Postoperative radiotherapy in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma. A randomized trial by the Copenhagen Renal Cancer Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1987. 13(5): p. 665-72. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3553111

413. Schouten, L.J., et al., Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer, 2002. 94(10): p. 2698-705. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173339

414. Kocher, M., et al., Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29(2): p. 134-41.

415. Soffietti, R., et al., A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial of adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation in patients with one to three brain metastases from solid tumors after surgical resection or radiosurgery: quality-of-life results. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31(1): p. 65-72.

416. Gaspar, L., et al., Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1997. 37(4): p. 745-51.

417. Gaspar, L.E., et al., Validation of the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000. 47(4): p. 1001-6.

418. Nieder, C., et al., Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class does not predict survival in patients with four or more brain metastases. Strahlenther Onkol, 2003. 179(1): p. 16-20.

419. Sperduto, P.W., et al., A new prognostic index and comparison to three other indices for patients with brain metastases: an analysis of 1,960 patients in the RTOG database. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008. 70(2): p. 510-4.

420. Sperduto, P.W., et al., Diagnosis-specific prognostic factors, indexes, and treatment outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis of 4,259 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2010. 77(3): p. 655-61.

421. Cannady, S.B., et al., Results of whole brain radiotherapy and recursive partitioning analysis in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2004. 58(1): p. 253-8.

422. Muacevic, A., et al., Surgery and radiotherapy compared with gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary cerebral metastases of small diameter. J Neurosurg, 1999. 91(1): p. 35-43.

423. Wronski, M., et al., External radiation of brain metastases from renal carcinoma: a retrospective study of 119 patients from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1997. 37(4): p. 753-9.

424. Mintz, A.H., et al., A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis. Cancer, 1996. 78(7): p. 1470-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8839553

425. Noordijk, E.M., et al., The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1994. 29(4): p. 711-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8040016

426. Patchell, R.A., et al., A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med, 1990. 322(8): p. 494-500. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405271

427. Andrews, D.W., et al., Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet, 2004. 363(9422): p. 1665-72. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15158627

428. Sperduto, P.W., et al., Secondary analysis of RTOG 9508, a phase 3 randomized trial of whole-brain radiation therapy versus WBRT plus stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with 1-3 brain metastases; poststratified by the graded prognostic assessment (GPA). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014. 90(3): p. 526-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25304947

429. Muacevic, A., et al., Microsurgery plus whole brain irradiation versus Gamma Knife surgery alone for treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. J Neurooncol, 2008. 87(3): p. 299-307. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18157648

430. Elaimy, A.L., et al., Multimodality treatment of brain metastases: an institutional survival analysis of 275 patients. World J Surg Oncol, 2011. 9: p. 69. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3148547/pdf/1477-7819-9-69.pdf

431. Aoyama, H., et al., Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2006. 295(21): p. 2483-91. PubMed: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/5026/JOC60064.pdf

432. Aoyama, H., et al., Neurocognitive function of patients with brain metastasis who received either whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radiosurgery or radiosurgery alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2007. 68(5): p. 1388-95. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674975

433. Chang, E.L., et al., Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10(11): p. 1037-44. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801201

434. Sahgal, A., et al., Phase 3 trials of stereotactic radiosurgery with or without whole-brain radiation therapy for 1 to 4 brain metastases: individual patient data meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2015. 91(4): p. 710-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752382

435. Kano, H., et al., Outcome predictors of gamma knife radiosurgery for renal cell carcinoma metastases. Neurosurgery, 2011. 69(6): p. 1232-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21716155

436. Yamamoto, M., et al., Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol, 2014. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24621620

437. Brennan, C., et al., A phase 2 trial of stereotactic radiosurgery boost after surgical resection for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014. 88(1): p. 130-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24331659

438. Choi, C.Y., et al., Stereotactic radiosurgery of the postoperative resection cavity for brain metastases: prospective evaluation of target margin on tumor control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 84(2): p. 336-42. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22652105

439. Iorio-Morin, C., et al., Early Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery to the tumor bed of resected brain metastasis for improved local control. J Neurosurg, 2014. 121 Suppl: p. 69-74. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25434939

440. Ling, D.C., et al., Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery to the resection cavity for large brain metastases: clinical outcomes, predictors of intracranial failure, and implications for optimal patient selection. Neurosurgery, 2015. 76(2): p. 150-6; discussion 156-7; quiz 157. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25549189

441. Luther, N., et al., Predicting tumor control after resection bed radiosurgery of brain metastases. Neurosurgery, 2013. 73(6): p. 1001-6; discussion 1006. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264235

442. Ahmed, K.A., et al., Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy to the post-operative cavity for radioresistant and radiosensitive brain metastases. J Neurooncol, 2014. 118(1): p. 179-86. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24604750

443. Eaton, B.R., et al., Hypofractionated radiosurgery has a better safety profile than single fraction radiosurgery for large resected brain metastases. J Neurooncol, 2015. 123(1): p. 103-11. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862006

444. Minniti, G., et al., Multidose stereotactic radiosurgery (9 Gy x 3) of the postoperative resection cavity for treatment of large brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013. 86(4): p. 623-9. PubMed: http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(13)00361-1/abstract

445. Bates, J.E., et al., Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases From Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Targeted Therapy Era: The University of Rochester Experience. Am J Clin Oncol, 2015. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730604

446. Staehler, M., et al., Simultaneous anti-angiogenic therapy and single-fraction radiosurgery in clinically relevant metastases from renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2011. 108(5): p. 673-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21156017

447. Kalkanis, S.N., et al., The role of surgical resection in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol, 2010. 96(1): p. 33-43. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808516/pdf/11060_2009_Article_61.pdf

448. Kocher, M., et al., Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastases. A report of the DEGRO Working Group on Stereotactic Radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2014. 190(6): p. 521-32.

449. Thelen, A., et al., Liver resection for metastases from renal cell carcinoma. World J Surg, 2007. 31(4): p. 802-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17354021

450. Ruys, A.T., et al., Surgical treatment of renal cell cancer liver metastases: a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011. 18(7): p. 1932-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347794

451. Staehler, M.D., et al., Liver resection for metastatic disease prolongs survival in renal cell carcinoma: 12-year results from a retrospective comparative analysis. World J Urol, 2010. 28(4): p. 543-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20440505

452. Sohn, T.A., et al., Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pancreas: results of surgical management. J Gastrointest Surg, 2001. 5(4): p. 346-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11985973

453. Ghavamian, R., et al., Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pancreas: clinical and radiological features. Mayo Clin Proc, 2000. 75(6): p. 581-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10852418

454. Zerbi, A., et al., Pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: which patients benefit from surgical resection? Ann Surg Oncol, 2008. 15(4): p. 1161-8.

455. Reddy, S. and C.L. Wolfgang, The role of surgery in the management of isolated metastases to the pancreas. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10(3): p. 287-93. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261257

456. Thomas, A.A., et al., Response of the primary tumor to neoadjuvant sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2009. 181(2): p. 518-23; discussion 523.

457. Bex, A., et al., Neoadjuvant sunitinib for surgically complex advanced renal cell cancer of doubtful resectability: initial experience with downsizing to reconsider cytoreductive surgery. World J Urol, 2009. 27(4): p. 533-9.

458. Krambeck, A.E., et al., The role of nephron sparing surgery for metastatic (pM1) renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2006. 176(5): p. 1990-5; discussion 1995.

459. Bex, A., et al., The role of initial immunotherapy as selection for nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and the primary tumor in situ. Eur Urol, 2002. 42(6): p. 570-4; discussion 575-6.

460. Wagner, J.R., et al., Interleukin-2 based immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with the kidney in place. J Urol, 1999. 162(1): p. 43-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10379736

461. Klatte, T., et al., Perioperative immunomodulation with interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of a controlled phase II trial. Br J Cancer, 2006. 95(9): p. 1167-73.

462. Powles, T., et al., The outcome of patients treated with sunitinib prior to planned nephrectomy in metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(3): p. 448-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612860

463. Powles, T., et al., Pazopanib prior to planned nephrectomy in metastatic clear cell renal cancer: a clinical and biomarker study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2013. 31(suppl; abstr 4508). PubMed: http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/117041-132

464. Thillai, K., et al., Neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2012. 12(6): p. 765-76. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716493

465. Sciarra, A., et al., The emerging role of targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC): is it time for a neoadjuvant or an adjuvant approach? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2012. 81(2): p. 151-62.

466. Smaldone, M.C., et al., Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies in high-risk renal cell carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2011. 25(4): p. 765-91. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763967

467. Rathmell, W.K., R. Pruthi, and E. Wallen, Neoadjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2010. 28(1): p. 69-73. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123351

468. Thomas, A.A., et al., Surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma after targeted therapy. J Urol, 2009. 182(3): p. 881-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616232

469. Kunkle, D.A., N.B. Haas, and R.G. Uzzo, Adjuvant therapy for high-risk renal cell carcinoma patients. Curr Urol Rep, 2007. 8(1): p. 19-30.

470. Chapin, B.F., et al., Safety of presurgical targeted therapy in the setting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2011. 60(5): p. 964-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621907

471. Pizzocaro, G., et al., Interferon adjuvant to radical nephrectomy in Robson stages II and III renal cell carcinoma: a multicentric randomized study. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19(2): p. 425-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208835

472. Messing, E.M., et al., Phase III study of interferon alfa-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol, 2003. 21(7): p. 1214-22.

473. Figlin, R.A., et al., Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 1999. 17(8): p. 2521-9.

474. Clark, J.I., et al., Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a cytokine working group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 2003. 21(16): p. 3133-40. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810695

475. Passalacqua, R., et al., Adjuvant low-dose interleukin-2 (IL2) plus interferone-alpha (IFN) in operable renal cell cancer (RCC). A phase III, randomized, multicenter, independent trial of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (GOIRC). J Clin Oncol, 2007. 25(20 Suppl): p. LBA5028.

476. Atzpodien, J., et al., Adjuvant treatment with interleukin-2- and interferon-alpha2a-based chemoimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma post tumour nephrectomy: results of a prospectively randomised trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). Br J Cancer, 2005. 92(5): p. 843-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15756254

477. Galligioni, E., et al., Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guérin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer, 1996. 77(12): p. 2560-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8640706

478. Wood, C., et al., An adjuvant autologous therapeutic vaccine (HSPPC-96; vitespen) versus observation alone for patients at high risk of recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase III trial. Lancet, 2008. 372(9633): p. 145-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18602688

479. Jocham, D., et al., Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004. 363(9409): p. 594-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14987883

480. Scherr, A.J., et al., Adjuvant therapy for locally advanced renal cell cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2011. 11: p. 115. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453469

481. Tunio, M.A., A. Hashmi, and M. Rafi, Need for a new trial to evaluate postoperative radiotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Oncol, 2010. 21(9): p. 1839-45.

482. Pizzocaro, G., et al., Adjuvant medroxyprogesterone acetate to radical nephrectomy in renal cancer: 5-year results of a prospective randomized study. J Urol, 1987. 138(6): p. 1379-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2824861

483. Lutz, S., et al., Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 2011. 79(4): p. 965-976.

484. Chow, E., et al., Update on the systematic review of palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2012. 24(2): p. 112-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22130630

485. Lutz, S., The role of radiation therapy in controlling painful bone metastases. Curr Pain Headache Rep, 2012. 16(4): p. 300-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22576786

486. Prewett, S. and R. Venkitaraman, Metastatic spinal cord compression: review of the evidence for a radiotherapy dose fractionation schedule. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2010. 22(3): p. 222-30. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138487

487. Rades, D., et al., A new prognostic factor for the survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma developing metastatic spinal cord compression. Strahlenther Onkol, 2014. 190(7): p. 667-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24535650

488. Fokas, E., et al., Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases from Renal Cell Cancer: Should Whole-Brain Radiotherapy Be Added to Stereotactic Radiosurgery? Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2010. 186(4): p. 210-217.

489. Dziggel, L., et al., A survival score for patients with brain metastases from less radiosensitive tumors treated with whole-brain radiotherapy alone. Strahlenther Onkol, 2014. 190(1): p. 54-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861153

490. Bennani, O., et al., Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Neurochirurgie, 2014. 60(1-2): p. 12-6.

491. DiBiase, S.J., et al., Palliative irradiation for focally symptomatic metastatic renal cell carcinoma: support for dose escalation based on a biological model. J Urol, 1997. 158(3 Pt 1): p. 746-9.

492. Huguenin, P.U., et al., Radiotherapy for metastatic carcinomas of the kidney or melanomas: an analysis using palliative end points. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1998. 41(2): p. 401-5.

493. Wilson, D., et al., The effect of biological effective dose on time to symptom progression in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2003. 15(7): p. 400-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570088

494. Onufrey, V. and M. Mohiuddin, Radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1985. 11(11): p. 2007-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2414257

495. Halperin, E.C. and L. Harisiadis, The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 1983. 51(4): p. 614-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6185207

496. Fossa, S.D., I. Kjolseth, and G. Lund, Radiotherapy of metastases from renal cancer. Eur Urol, 1982. 8(6): p. 340-2.

497. Pongracz, N., R. Zimmerman, and R. Kotz, Orthopaedic management of bony metastases of renal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol, 1988. 4(2): p. 139-42.

498. Kjaer, M. and S.A. Engelholm, The clinical course and prognosis of patients with renal adenocarcinoma with solitary metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1982. 8(10): p. 1691-8.

499. Lee, J., et al., A phase II trial of palliative radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2005. 104(9): p. 1894-900. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16177996

500. Reichel, L.M., et al., Radiotherapy to bone has utility in multifocal metastatic renal carcinoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2007. 459: p. 133-8.

501. Filipas, D., et al., Screening for renal cell carcinoma using ultrasonography: a feasibility study. BJU Int, 2003. 91(7): p. 595-9.

502. Townsend, P.W., et al., Impact of postoperative radiation therapy and other perioperative factors on outcome after orthopedic stabilization of impending or pathologic fractures due to metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol, 1994. 12(11): p. 2345-50.

503. Lagerwaard, F.J., et al., Identification of prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases: a review of 1292 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1999. 43(4): p. 795-803. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10098435

504. Schellinger, P.D., H.M. Meinck, and A. Thron, Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CCT in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol, 1999. 44(3): p. 275-81.

505. Wrónski, M., et al., External radiation of brain metastases from renal carcinoma: a retrospective study of 119 patients from the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1997. 37(4): p. 753-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9128947

506. Samlowski, W.E., et al., Multidisciplinary treatment of brain metastases derived from clear cell renal cancer incorporating stereotactic radiosurgery. Cancer, 2008. 113(9): p. 2539-48. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780316

507. Gaspar, L.E., et al., The role of whole brain radiation therapy in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol, 2010. 96(1): p. 17-32. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960231

508. Hartenstein, R. and U.R. Kleeberg, Schmerztherapie, in Kompendium Internistische Onkologie, H.-J. Schmoll, K. Höffken, and K. Possinger, Editors. 2006, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 2162-2179.

509. Höffler, D., R. Lasek, and H. Berthold, Empfehlungen zur Therapie von Tumorschmerzen. Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft (AkdÄ)(Hrsg.). Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis (AVP), 2007. 34.

510. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, D.K., AWMF), Interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur Früherkennung, Diagnose und Therapie der verschiedenen Stadien des Prostatakarzinoms. 2011.

511. Grötz, K., J. Piesold, and B. Al-Nawas, AWMF Leitlinie Bisphosphonat-assoziierte Kiefernekrose (BP-ONJ) und andere Medikamenten-assoziierte Kiefernekrosen. 2012, AWMF.

512. Fizazi, K., et al., Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet, 2011. 377(9768): p. 813-822. PubMed: PM:21353695

513. Yuen, K.K., et al., Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006(4): p. CD006250. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054286

514. Diagnostik und Therapie primärer und metastasierter Mammakarzinome. Osteoonkologie und Knochengesundheit, A.G.O.e. V., Editor. 2013.

515. Tunn, U.W., et al., Positive effects of zoledronate on skeletal-related events in patients with renal cell cancer and bone metastases. Can J Urol, 2012. 19(3): p. 6261-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22704310

516. Henry, D.H., et al., Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29(9): p. 1125-1132. PubMed: PM:21343556

517. Schlimok, G., M. Wilhelm, and L. Weißbach, Diagnostik von Knochenmetastasen urologischer Tumoren und deren Behandlung mit Bisphosphonaten. Onkologe, 2007. 13: p. 77-80.

518. Sutton, J.M., Evaluation of hematuria in adults. JAMA, 1990. 263(18): p. 2475-80. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2184261

519. Davis, R., et al., Diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) in adults: AUA guideline. J Urol, 2012. 188(6 Suppl): p. 2473-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23098784

520. O'Grady, A.S., L.J. Morse, and J.B. Lee, Parathyroid hormone-secreting renal carcinoma associated with hypercalcemia and metabolic alkalosis. Ann Intern Med, 1965. 63(5): p. 858-68. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5848632

521. Lytton, B., B. Rosof, and J.S. Evans, Parathyroid Hormone-Like Activity in a Renal Carcinoma Producing Hypercalcemia. J Urol, 1965. 93: p. 127-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14260201

522. Goldberg, M.F., et al., Renal Adenocarcinoma Containing a Parathyroid Hormone-Like Substance and Associated with Marked Hypercalcemia. Am J Med, 1964. 36: p. 805-14. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14141455

523. Sandhu, D., et al., Humoral hypercalcaemia in renal carcinoma due to parathyroid hormone related protein. British journal of urology, 1993. 72(6): p. 848-850.

524. de la Mata, J., et al., Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein in vivo. J Clin Invest, 1995. 95(6): p. 2846-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7769125

525. Weissglas, M., et al., Investigative Urology: Hypercalcemia and Cosecretion of Interleukin-6 and Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide by a Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Implanted Into Nude Mice. The Journal of urology, 1995. 153(3): p. 854-857.

526. Brereton, H.D., et al., Indomethacin-responsive hypercalcemia in a patient with renal-cell adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med, 1974. 291(2): p. 83-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4835887

527. ROBERTSON, R.P., et al., Elevated prostaglandins and suppressed parathyroid hormone associated with hypercalcemia and renal cell carcinoma. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1975. 41(1): p. 164-167.

528. Gold, P.J., A. Fefer, and J.A. Thompson, Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. Semin Urol Oncol, 1996. 14(4): p. 216-22. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8946620

529. McMullin, M.F., The classification and diagnosis of erythrocytosis. Int J Lab Hematol, 2008. 30(6): p. 447-59. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823397

530. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie (Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, D.K., AWMF), S3-Leitlinie Psychoonkologische Diagnostik, Beratung und Behandlung von erwachsenen Krebspatienten. 2014, DKG Eigenverlag.

531. Baumann, F.T., E.M. Zopf, and W. Bloch, Clinical exercise interventions in prostate cancer patients--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer, 2012. 20(2): p. 221-33. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989678

532. Bourke, L., et al., Pragmatic lifestyle intervention in patients recovering from colon cancer: a randomized controlled pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2011. 92(5): p. 749-55. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21530722

533. Brown, J.C., et al., Efficacy of exercise interventions in modulating cancer-related fatigue among adult cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2011. 20(1): p. 123-133.

534. Cantarero-Villanueva, I., et al., Effectiveness of core stability exercises and recovery myofascial release massage on fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012. 2012: p. 620619. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21792370

535. Coleman, E.A., et al., Effects of exercise on fatigue, sleep, and performance: a randomized trial. Oncol Nurs Forum, 2012. 39(5): p. 468-77. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940511

536. Cramp, F. and J. Byron-Daniel, Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 11: p. CD006145. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152233

537. Fong, D.Y., et al., Physical activity for cancer survivors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2012. 344: p. e70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22294757

538. van Haren, I.E., et al., Physical exercise for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther, 2013. 93(4): p. 514-28. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224217

539. Jacobsen, P.B., et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological and activity-based interventions for cancer-related fatigue. Health Psychol, 2007. 26(6): p. 660-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18020836

540. Keogh, J.W. and R.D. MacLeod, Body composition, physical fitness, functional performance, quality of life, and fatigue benefits of exercise for prostate cancer patients: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2012. 43(1): p. 96-110. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640547

541. Luctkar-Flude, M.F., et al., Fatigue and physical activity in older adults with cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Nurs, 2007. 30(5): p. E35-45. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876176

542. Markes, M., T. Brockow, and K.L. Resch, Exercise for women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006(4): p. CD005001. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054230

543. McMillan, E.M. and I.J. Newhouse, Exercise is an effective treatment modality for reducing cancer-related fatigue and improving physical capacity in cancer patients and survivors: a meta-analysis. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2011. 36(6): p. 892-903.

544. Mishra, S.I., et al., Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 8: p. Cd008465.

545. Puetz, T.W. and M.P. Herring, Differential effects of exercise on cancer-related fatigue during and following treatment: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med, 2012. 43(2): p. e1-24. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22813691

546. Velthuis, M.J., et al., The effect of physical exercise on cancer-related fatigue during cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2010. 22(3): p. 208-21. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110159

547. Vermaete, N., et al., Physical activity, physical fitness and the effect of exercise training interventions in lymphoma patients: a systematic review. Ann Hematol, 2013. 92(8): p. 1007-21. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408096

548. Littman, A.J., et al., Randomized controlled pilot trial of yoga in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: effects on quality of life and anthropometric measures. Support Care Cancer, 2012. 20(2): p. 267-77. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21207071

549. Wenzel, J.A., et al., Impact of a home-based walking intervention on outcomes of sleep quality, emotional distress, and fatigue in patients undergoing treatment for solid tumors. Oncologist, 2013. 18(4): p. 476-84. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568000

550. Yeo, T.P., et al., A progressive postresection walking program significantly improves fatigue and health-related quality of life in pancreas and periampullary cancer patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2012. 214(4): p. 463-475.

551. Courneya, K.S., et al., Three independent factors predicted adherence in a randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training among prostate cancer survivors. J Clin Epidemiol, 2004. 57(6): p. 571-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15246125

552. Hayama, Y. and T. Inoue, The effects of deep breathing on ‘tension–anxiety’and fatigue in cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 2012. 18(2): p. 94-98.

553. Andersen, C., et al., The effects of a six-week supervised multimodal exercise intervention during chemotherapy on cancer-related fatigue. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 2013. 17(3): p. 331-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084254

554. Cho, M.H., et al., Comparisons of exercise dose and symptom severity between exercisers and nonexercisers in women during and after cancer treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2012. 43(5): p. 842-54.

555. Mock, V., L. Cameron, and C. Tompkins, Every step counts: A walking exercise program for persons living with cancer. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1997.

556. Saarto, T., et al., Effectiveness of a 12-month exercise program on physical performance and quality of life of breast cancer survivors. Anticancer Res, 2012. 32(9): p. 3875-84. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22993332

557. Kirchner, P.D.H. and A. Merseburger, Nebenwirkungen von zielgerichteten Medikamenten bei der Behandlung des metastasierenden Nierenzellkarzinoms. Der Onkologe, 2011. 17(2): p. 155-162.

558. Schmidinger, M., et al., Cardiac toxicity of sunitinib and sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(32): p. 5204-12. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838713

559. Rini, B.I., et al., Hypertension as a biomarker of efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2011. 103(9): p. 763-73. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527770

560. KG, G.G.C., Fachinformation Votrient/Pazopanib. Germany.

561. Hutson, T.E., et al., Targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an overview of toxicity and dosing strategies. Oncologist, 2008. 13(10): p. 1084-96. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838439

562. Bhojani, N., et al., Toxicities associated with the administration of sorafenib, sunitinib, and temsirolimus and their management in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2008. 53(5): p. 917-30. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054825

563. Martel, C.L., et al., Bevacizumab-related toxicities: association of hypertension and proteinuria. Community Oncology, 2006. 3(2): p. 90-93.

564. Wolter, P., et al., The clinical implications of sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism: a prospective evaluation. Br J Cancer, 2008. 99(3): p. 448-54. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18665181

565. Senior, K., Fatigue with sunitinib-induced hypothyroidism. Lancet Oncol, 2007. 8(2): p. 101. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17288042

566. Kollmannsberger, C., et al., Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: recommendations for management of noncardiovascular toxicities. Oncologist, 2011. 16(5): p. 543-53. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490127

567. Wood, L.S., Managing the side effects of sorafenib and sunitinib. Community Oncology, 2006. 3(9): p. 558-562.

568. Udina, M., et al., Interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 2012. 73(8): p. 1128-38. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22967776

569. Kraus, M.R., et al., Therapy of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C with citalopram: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut, 2008. 57(4): p. 531-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079286

570. Organization, W.H., National cancer control programmes: policies and managerial guidelines. 2002. PubMed: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42494/1/9241545577.pdf?ua=1

571. Temel, J.S., et al., Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med, 2010. 363(8): p. 733-42. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818875

572. El-Jawahri, A., J.A. Greer, and J.S. Temel, Does palliative care improve outcomes for patients with incurable illness? A review of the evidence. The journal of supportive oncology, 2011. 9(3): p. 87-94.

573. Smith, T.J., et al., American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: the integration of palliative care into standard oncology care. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30(8): p. 880-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312101

574. Ferris, F.D., et al., Palliative cancer care a decade later: accomplishments, the need, next steps -- from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27(18): p. 3052-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451437

575. Lordick, F. Oorschot B van (2012) Palliativmedizin in der Onkologie, Ziele der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Palliativmedizin der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft. in Forum.

576. Lindena, G. and S. Woskanjan, HOPE 2012. 2012, CLARA Klinische Forschung Clinical Analysis, Research and Application. HOPE Hospiz- und Palliativmedizin Erfassung, ein gemeinsames Projekt der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin, der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft, des Deutschen Hospiz- und Palliativ-Verbandes.: Kleinmachnow.

577. Stephens, R.J., et al., Randomized trials with quality of life endpoints: are doctors' ratings of patients' physical symptoms interchangeable with patients' self-ratings? Qual Life Res, 1997. 6(3): p. 225-36. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9226980

578. Morita, T., et al., Palliative care needs of cancer outpatients receiving chemotherapy: an audit of a clinical screening project. Support Care Cancer, 2008. 16(1): p. 101-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611783

579. Tishelman, C., et al., Are the most distressing concerns of patients with inoperable lung cancer adequately assessed? A mixed-methods analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010. 28(11): p. 1942-1949.

580. Pearce, M.J., et al., Unmet spiritual care needs impact emotional and spiritual well-being in advanced cancer patients. Support Care Cancer, 2012. 20(10): p. 2269-76. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22124529

581. Reilly, C.M., et al., A literature synthesis of symptom prevalence and severity in persons receiving active cancer treatment. Support Care Cancer, 2013. 21(6): p. 1525-50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314601

582. Bradley, N., L. Davis, and E. Chow, Symptom distress in patients attending an outpatient palliative radiotherapy clinic. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2005. 30(2): p. 123-31. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16125027

583. Zimmermann, C., et al., Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2014. 383(9930): p. 1721-30. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559581

584. Dudgeon, D., et al., Cancer Care Ontario's experience with implementation of routine physical and psychological symptom distress screening. Psychooncology, 2012. 21(4): p. 357-64. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21308858

585. Loscalzo, M., K.L. Clark, and J. Holland, Successful strategies for implementing biopsychosocial screening. Psychooncology, 2011. 20(5): p. 455-62. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21456059

586. Neuwöhner, K., et al., Assessment of distress with physical and psychological symptoms of patients in german palliative care services. Onkologie, 2011. 34(3): p. 94-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358213

587. Carlson, L.E., et al., Online screening for distress, the 6th vital sign, in newly diagnosed oncology outpatients: randomised controlled trial of computerised vs personalised triage. Br J Cancer, 2012. 107(4): p. 617-25. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828610

588. Stiel, S., et al., [Validation of the new version of the minimal documentation system (MIDOS) for patients in palliative care : the German version of the edmonton symptom assessment scale (ESAS)]. Schmerz, 2010. 24(6): p. 596-604. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882300

589. Bruera, E. and S. Yennurajalingam, Palliative care in advanced cancer patients: how and when? Oncologist, 2012. 17(2): p. 267-73. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252934

590. Ontario, C.C., Symptom Assessment and Management Tools. 2013: Ontario, Canada.

591. Saito, A.M., et al., The effect on survival of continuing chemotherapy to near death. BMC Palliat Care, 2011. 10: p. 14. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936940

592. Mack, J.W., et al., Associations between end-of-life discussion characteristics and care received near death: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30(35): p. 4387-95. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150700

593. Saito, A.M., et al., Hospice care and survival among elderly patients with lung cancer. J Palliat Med, 2011. 14(8): p. 929-39.

594. Wright, A.A., et al., Associations between palliative chemotherapy and adult cancer patients' end of life care and place of death: prospective cohort study. Bmj, 2014. 348: p. g1219.

595. Earle, C.C., et al., Identifying potential indicators of the quality of end-of-life cancer care from administrative data. J Clin Oncol, 2003. 21(6): p. 1133-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637481

596. Campion, F.X., et al., Advancing performance measurement in oncology: quality oncology practice initiative participation and quality outcomes. J Oncol Pract, 2011. 7(3 Suppl): p. 31s-5s. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886517

597. Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 2011. 108(7): p. A 346-348.

598. Charta zur Betreuung schwerstkranker und sterbender Menschen in Deutschland, D.G.f.P.e. V., D.H.-u.P.e. V., and Bundesärztekamme, Editors. 2010: Berlin.

599. von Wartburg, L. Nationale Strategie Palliative Care. 2012 August 2013]; Available from: http://www.spitexbl.ch/files/X1JWADE/F6C0BAFC82.pdf

600. Moran, M.S., et al., A prospective, multicenter study of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) utilization during definitive radiation for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013. 85(1): p. 40-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22658441

601. Naing, A., et al., Prevalence of complementary medicine use in a phase 1 clinical trials program: the MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience. Cancer, 2011. 117(22): p. 5142-50.

602. Horneber, M., et al., Unkonventionelle Verfahren. Der Onkologe, 2003. 9(12): p. 1335-1342.

603. Ezzo, J.M., et al., Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006(2): p. CD002285. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625560

604. Filshie, J. and D. Redman, Acupuncture and malignant pain problems. Eur J Surg Oncol, 1985. 11(4): p. 389-94.

605. Lamanque, P. and S. Daneault, [Does meditation improve the quality of life for patients living with cancer?]. Can Fam Physician, 2006. 52: p. 474-5.

606. Ott, M.J., R.L. Norris, and S.M. Bauer-Wu, Mindfulness meditation for oncology patients: a discussion and critical review. Integr Cancer Ther, 2006. 5(2): p. 98-108.

607. Kassab, S., et al., Homeopathic medicines for adverse effects of cancer treatments. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(2): p. CD004845. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370613

608. Horneber, M.A., et al., Mistletoe therapy in oncology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008(2): p. CD003297. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425885

609. Kleeberg, U.R., et al., Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial. rIFN-alpha2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness >3 mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. Eur J Cancer, 2004. 40(3): p. 390-402. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14746858

610. Hildebrandt, B., et al., The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2002. 43(1): p. 33-56. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098606

611. Mathis, S. and T. Johnasson, Hyperthermie. Decision Support Document 36 (2010); Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Health Technology Assessment (LBI-HTA) ISSN-online: 1992–0496. 2012.

612. Sauer, R., et al., Concerning the final report “Hyperthermia: a systematic review” of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Health technology Assessment, Vienna, March 2010. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 2012. 188(3): p. 209-215.

613. Soares, P.I., et al., Application of hyperthermia for cancer treatment: recent patents review. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov, 2012. 7(1): p. 64-73. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854362

614. Hübner, J., et al., Counseling cancer patients on complementary and alternative medicine. Background, theory, and implementation of nationwide counseling facilities. Strahlenther Onkol, 2013. 189(8): p. 613-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824107

615. Dennert, G. and G. Wolf, Ressourcenorientierte Beratung von Patientinnen und Patienten zur Komplementäronkologie. Ärztliche Psychotherapie, 2012. 7(3): p. 175-180.

616. Mills, J.T., et al., Positioning injuries associated with robotic assisted urological surgery. J Urol, 2013. 190(2): p. 580-4. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466240

617. Gunnarsson, U., M. Johansson, and K. Strigard, Assessment of abdominal muscle function using the Biodex System-4. Validity and reliability in healthy volunteers and patients with giant ventral hernia. Hernia, 2011. 15(4): p. 417-21.

618. Clay, L., et al., Effect of an elastic girdle on lung function, intra-abdominal pressure, and pain after midline laparotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2014. 29(6): p. 715-21. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24468797

619. Schover, L.R., Sexuality and fertility in urologic cancer patients. Cancer, 1987. 60(3 Suppl): p. 553-8. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3036334

620. Zermann D-H, V., W Rehabilitation, in Die Urologie, M.S. Michel, Thüroff, J.W., Janetschek, G., Wirth, M., Editor. im Druck, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg.

621. Steindorf, K., M. Schmidt, and C. Ulrich, Welche Effekte hat körperliche Bewegung auf das Krebsrisiko und auf den Krankheitsverlauf nach einer Krebsdiagnose? Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 2012. 55(1): p. 10-16. PubMed: http://www.uniklinik-freiburg.de/fileadmin/mediapool/09_zentren/cccf/pdf/Pr%C3%A4vention/Steindorf_et_al_2012_KA_Krebsrisiko_nach_Diagnose.pdf

622. Vahlensieck W, I.W., Rehabilitation, Physiotherapie, Balneotherapie und physikalische Therapie, in Die urologische Praxis, F. Finke, Editor. 2007, Uni-Med: Bremen. p. 218-223.

623. Zermann, D.-H., et al., Rehabilitation funktioneller Probleme nach Therapie onkologischer Erkrankungen im Abdomial-und Beckenbereich. Der Onkologe, 2011. 17(10): p. 923-932.

624. Wang, W.M., et al., Prognostic role of diabetes mellitus in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative treatments: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2011. 10(4): p. 346-55. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=21813381

625. Wang, Y.B., et al., Quality of life after radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization alone. Qual Life Res, 2007. 16(3): p. 389-97. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17111232

626. Yau, T., et al., Management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of targeted therapy. Liver Int, 2009. 29(1): p. 10-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19120940

627. Yasui, K., et al., Characteristics of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis who develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011. 9(5): p. 428-33; quiz e50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=21320639

628. Vahlensieck, P.D.W., et al., Struktur-und Prozessqualität der stationären urologischen Rehabilitation. Der Urologe, Ausgabe A, 2005. 44(1): p. 51-56.

629. Berger, J., et al., Detailed analysis of morbidity following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma in octogenarians. J Urol, 2012. 188(3): p. 736-40. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818133

630. Zermann D-H, S.I., Wolf I Indikation und Effizienz psychoonkologischer Interventionen in der fachspezifischen urologischen Anschlussrehabilitation (AHB). 64. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e.V., Leipzig. 2012.

631. Schwarz, R., Psychosoziale Onkologie: Position, Prinzipien und Perspektiven., in Forum. 2000, Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft: Berlin. p. 22-24.

632. Weis, J., Leitlinien und Qualitätssicherung in der Psychoonkologie., in Diagnostik und Behandlungsziele in der Psychoonkologie. Bericht der dapo-Jahrestagung 2004., A. Schumacher, Editor. 2005, Pabst: Lengerich. p. 84-92.

633. Cella, D., Quality of life., in Psycho-Oncology, H. JC, Editor. 1998, Oxford University Press Oxford. p. 1135-1146.

634. Faller, H., et al., Effects of psycho-oncologic interventions on emotional distress and quality of life in adult patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31(6): p. 782-93. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319686

635. Koch U, W.J., Krankheitsbewältigung bei Krebs und Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung : der Förderschwerpunkt "Rehabilitation von Krebskranken. 1998, Stuttgart: Schattauer.

636. Mehnert, A., C. Lehmann, and U. Koch, Prävalenz und Diagnostik psychischer Störungen in der Onkologie. Der Onkologe, 2006. 12(1): p. 18-26.

637. Mehnert, A., Psychoonkologische Mitbetreuung und Nachsorge–Identifikation, Unterstützungsangebote und Umgang mit den Krankheitsfolgen. Der Klinikarzt, 2014. 43(07/08): p. 364-367.

638. Zettl, S., Psychoonkologische Betreuung von Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom: Was kann der Urologe leisten. J Urol Urogyn, 2003. 10: p. 12-5.

639. Herschbach, P., Das „Zufriedenheitsparadox” in der Lebensqualitätsforschung. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 2002. 52(03/04): p. 141-150.

640. Parker, P.A., et al., Comprehensive assessment of quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in patients with renal tumors undergoing open, laparoscopic and nephron sparing surgery. J Urol, 2012. 187(3): p. 822-6. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245327

641. Colleoni, M., et al., Depression and degree of acceptance of adjuvant cytotoxic drugs. Lancet, 2000. 356(9238): p. 1326-1327. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073026

642. Herschbach, P., P. Heußner, and A. Sellschopp, Psycho-Onkologie: Perspektiven heute. 2006, Lengerich ; Berlin ; Bremen: Pabst.

643. Zettl, S., Hartlapp, J., Sexualstörungen durch Krankheit und Therapie. Ein Kompendium für die ärztliche Praxis. 1997, Berlin ; Heidelberg: Springer.

644. Novara, G., et al., Factors predicting health-related quality of life recovery in patients undergoing surgical treatment for renal tumors: prospective evaluation using the RAND SF-36 Health Survey. Eur Urol, 2010. 57(1): p. 112-20. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406562

645. Cohen, L., et al., Depressive symptoms and cortisol rhythmicity predict survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: role of inflammatory signaling. PLoS One, 2012. 7(8): p. e42324. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870317

646. Hoffmann, H., Urologische Malignome, in Rehabilitation und Teilhabe - Wegweiser für Ärzte und andere Fachkräfte der Rehabilitation, B.f. Rehabilitation, Editor. 2005, Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag: Köln.

647. Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund, P.S.G.P. Sozialmedizinisches Glossar. 2007. PubMed: http://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/208354/publicationFile/2271/abschlussbericht_pggloss_pdf.pdf

648. Vahlensieck, W., O. Sawal, and H. Hoffmann, Urologische Erkrankungen, in Sozialmedizinische Begutachtung für die gesetzliche Rentenversicherung, V.D. Rentenversicherungsträger, Editor. 2011, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg p. 411-429.

649. Harrison-Paul, J. and A.E. Drummond, A randomised controlled trial of occupational therapy in oncology: Challenges in conducting a pilot study. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2006. 69(3): p. 130-133.

650. Hegel, M.T., et al., Feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial of a telephone-delivered problem-solving-occupational therapy intervention to reduce participation restrictions in rural breast cancer survivors undergoing chemotherapy. Psychooncology, 2011. 20(10): p. 1092-101.

651. McClure, M.K., et al., Randomized controlled trial of the Breast Cancer Recovery Program for women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Am J Occup Ther, 2010. 64(1): p. 59-72. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20131565

652. Yuen, H.K., M. Mitcham, and L. Morgan, Managing post-therapy fatigue for cancer survivors using energy conservation training. J Allied Health, 2006. 35(2): p. 121e-139e.

653. Zini, L., et al., Radical versus partial nephrectomy: effect on overall and noncancer mortality. Cancer, 2009. 115(7): p. 1465-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19195042

654. Jeldres, C., et al., Partial versus radical nephrectomy in patients with adverse clinical or pathologic characteristics. Urology, 2009. 73(6): p. 1300-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19376568

655. Sandhu, S.S., et al., Surgical excision of isolated renal-bed recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2005. 95(4): p. 522-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705072

656. Patard, J.J., et al., Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J Urol, 2004. 171(6 Pt 1): p. 2181-5, quiz 2435.

657. Breau, R.H. and M.L. Blute, Surgery for renal cell carcinoma metastases. Curr Opin Urol, 2010. 20(5): p. 375-81. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592612

658. Tosco, L., et al., Survival and impact of clinical prognostic factors in surgically treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2013. 63(4): p. 646-52. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23041360

659. Skolarikos, A., et al., A review on follow-up strategies for renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2007. 51(6): p. 1490-500; discussion 1501. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229521

660. Chin, A.I., et al., Surveillance strategies for renal cell carcinoma patients following nephrectomy. Rev Urol, 2006. 8(1): p. 1-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985554

661. Weis, J., et al., Psychoonkologie: Konzepte und Aufgaben einer jungen Fachdisziplin. Onkologe, 2007. 13(2): p. 185-194. PubMed: http://www.zbmed.de/ccmedimages/2007/67042.pdf

662. Sanson-Fisher, R., et al., The unmet supportive care needs of patients with cancer. Supportive Care Review Group. Cancer, 2000. 88(1): p. 226-37. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10618627

663. Kleeberg, U.R., et al., Patient satisfaction and quality of life in cancer outpatients: results of the PASQOC study. Support Care Cancer, 2005. 13(5): p. 303-10. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15729552

664. Fallowfield, L. and V. Jenkins, Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet, 2004. 363(9405): p. 312-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14751707

665. Ong, L.M., et al., Doctor-patient communication and cancer patients' quality of life and satisfaction. Patient Educ Couns, 2000. 41(2): p. 145-56. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12024540

666. de Haes, H. and S. Teunissen, Communication in palliative care: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Oncol, 2005. 17(4): p. 345-50. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15933465

667. Fukui, S., et al., A randomized study assessing the efficacy of communication skill training on patients' psychologic distress and coping: nurses' communication with patients just after being diagnosed with cancer. Cancer, 2008. 113(6): p. 1462-70. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18661509

668. Keller, M. and Y. Barthel, Patientenzentrierte Kommunikation in der Onkologie–Erfahrungen mit dem KoMPASS Training In: Weis J, Brähler E, Hrsg. Psychoonkologie in Forschung und Praxis. Stuttgart: Schattauer, 2012.

669. Baile, W.F. and J. Aaron, Patient-physician communication in oncology: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Oncol, 2005. 17(4): p. 331-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15933462

670. Massie, M.J., Prevalence of depression in patients with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 2004(32): p. 57-71. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15263042

671. Jefford, M. and M.H. Tattersall, Informing and involving cancer patients in their own care. Lancet Oncol, 2002. 3(10): p. 629-37. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12372725

672. Adler, N.E. and A.E. Page, Cancer care for the whole patient: Meeting psychosocial health needs. 2008: National Academies Press.

673. Zabora, J., et al., The prevalence of psychological distress by cancer site. Psychooncology, 2001. 10(1): p. 19-28. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11180574

674. Sharpe, M., et al., Major depression in outpatients attending a regional cancer centre: screening and unmet treatment needs. Br J Cancer, 2004. 90(2): p. 314-20. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14735170

675. Keller, M., et al., Recognition of distress and psychiatric morbidity in cancer patients: a multi-method approach. Ann Oncol, 2004. 15(8): p. 1243-9. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277265

676. Zwahlen, D., et al., Screening cancer patients' families with the distress thermometer (DT): a validation study. Psychooncology, 2008. 17(10): p. 959-66. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203146

677. Stark, D., et al., Anxiety disorders in cancer patients: their nature, associations, and relation to quality of life. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(14): p. 3137-48. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118028

678. Miovic, M. and S. Block, Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer. Cancer, 2007. 110(8): p. 1665-76. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17847017

679. Fallowfield, L., et al., Psychiatric morbidity and its recognition by doctors in patients with cancer. Br J Cancer, 2001. 84(8): p. 1011-5. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11308246

680. Sollner, W., et al., How successful are oncologists in identifying patient distress, perceived social support, and need for psychosocial counselling? Br J Cancer, 2001. 84(2): p. 179-85. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161373

681. Newell, S., et al., How well do medical oncologists' perceptions reflect their patients' reported physical and psychosocial problems? Data from a survey of five oncologists. Cancer, 1998. 83(8): p. 1640-51. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9781960

682. Herschbach P, W.J., Screeningverfahren in der Psychoonkologie. Testinstrumente zur Identifikation betreuungsbedürftiger Krebspatienten. Eine Empfehlung der PSO für die psychoonkologische Behandlungspraxis. 2010, Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft: Berlin.

683. Weis, J. and U. Domann, [Interventions in the rehabilitation of breast cancer patients--a critical literature review of the state of the art]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg), 2006. 45(3): p. 129-45. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16755432

684. Holland, J.C., B.D. Bultz, and N.C.C.N. (NCCN), The NCCN guideline for distress management: a case for making distress the sixth vital sign. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2007. 5(1): p. 3-7. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17323529

685. Whooley, M.A., et al., Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med, 1997. 12(7): p. 439-45. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9229283

686. Network, N.C.C. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) Distress Management. 2013. PubMed: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#supportive

687. Sommerfeldt, S., et al., Psychoonkologisches Screening in der Routineversorgung. Psychosom Konsiliarpsychiatr, 2007. 1(4): p. 293-297. PubMed: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11800-007-0063-3

688. Northouse, L.L., et al., Interventions with family caregivers of cancer patients: meta-analysis of randomized trials. CA Cancer J Clin, 2010. 60(5): p. 317-39. PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709946

689. (ÄZQ), Ä.Z.f.Q.i.d.M., et al., Kompendium Q-M-A. Qualitätsmanagement in der ambulanten Versorgung. 3. ed. 2008: Dt. Ärzte-Verl.

690. (ÄZQ), Ä.Z.f.Q.i.d.M. Manual Qualitätsindikatoren. Manual für Autoren. 2009 [cited äzq Schriftenreihe: 36; Available from: http://www.aezq.de/mdb/edocs/pdf/schriftenreihe/schriftenreihe36.pd